Final deck Flashcards by Rachel Larson

How do plants fight gravity on land?

Lignin and evolution of vascular tissue

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How do plants fight water loss on land (maintain water potential?)

stomatas with specialized walls. Cuticle

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How do plants protect their gametes/zygotes from desiccation?

Sporopollenin polymer

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What is the middle lamella and what does it contain (3)?

middle lamella is the apoplastic space inbetween primary walls that contains Mg2+, Ca2+ and pectins

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What are the four ingredients in a primary cell wall?

Pectin, cellulose, hemicellulose, and proteins

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Which is the hydrated and flexible one: primary or secondary cell wall?

Primary

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What are the three differences between primary and secondary cell wall growth?

Primary: functions for cell growth and expansion, deposited during growth of cell, only withstands tensile forces
Secondary: functions for structural reinforcement, depostited after cell growth, and withstands tensile forces from gravity and hydrostatic pressure (keeps water inside)

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When is the primary cell wall formed? When is the secondary wall formed?

Primary: formed during cell growth (cytokinesis)
secondary: formed after cell expansion is done

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Where is extracellular cellulose made? Where is pectin made? Hemicellulose made?

Cellulose: made at the plasma membrane in cellulose synthase complexes.
Pectin: made at Golgi body
hemicellulose: made at the Golgi body

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What hormone causes cell wall expansion? How does it do this?

Auxin promotes cell wall expansion by activating H+ pumps that acidify the matrix.

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How does the acid-growth model work?

WHen the extracellular matrix is acidified, enzymes called expansins start breaking apart microfibrils. Increased water intake then expands the cell.

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What is the difference between cellulose and amylose?

Cellulose is made by adding glucose monomers via an beta 1-4 bond, while amylose is made with an alpha 1-4 bond. This leads to a helical structure in amylose, and a pleated structure in cellulose

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What is the difference between cellulose and hemicellulose?

Cellulose: made of only glucose beta 1-4 links
Hemicellulose: made of variable polysaccarides with 1-4 beta linkages

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What is the difference between typical eudicot hemicellulose, and grass hemicellulose?

typical: GLC is main chain, and xylose chains allow for microfibril formation
Grasses: xylose main chain, while alt. sugars

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What are pectins? where are they found?

Hydrophylic polysaccharides with acidic sugar residues. Found in primary cell wall

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What is lignin made of? Where is it made?

Lignin is made of monolignols (phenylpropanoids) at the Cellulose-hemicellulose-lignin complex

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What is the phenylalanine ammonia lyase and when is it used?

PAL deaminates phenylalanine to start down the path of lignin formation

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What pathway is needed to create lignin?

the Shikimate pathway

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What is cutin and what is it used for?

Cutin is a fatty acid wax that is deposited on leaves to prevent desiccation

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what is suberin used for? WHere is it and what is it made of?

Suberin is a FA-derived polymer that is a major component of the casparian strip

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Which ions can dissolve in water? Which can dissolve in soil?

Water: anions and highly polar/stable gasses (N2, O2, and CO2)
soil: cations, N, P, and S

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How is calcium, phosphorous, and nitrogen obtained by plants?

Calcium: though cation exchange by the plant roots
phosphorous: symbioses with fungi
nitrogen: symbioses with bacteria

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What is the difference between eurdicot roots and monocot roots? (3)

Eudicots: has a tap root that defines axis, lateral branch root develop off of tap root, adventitous root develop from non-root organs
monocots: No tap root, instead has crown roots at top that anchor plant, seminal roots follow underneeth. Adventitious roots anchor plant in place

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What four factors determine root uptake effectiveness?

1) rate of nutrient removal from soil
2) rate of growth outside of depletion zone
3) rates of active/passive transport into root
4) microbial symbiosis

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What is the nutrient depletion zone?

An area that forms when rate of nutrient uptake exceeds rate of replenishment

what two ways do nutrients move along the root surface?

bulk flow, and diffusion

What three ways can plants give photosynthate to roots (rhizodeposits)?

1) sloughed-off cells: cells that contain high amounts of carbon compounds to feed microbes 2) mucilage: both protects and feeds microbes 3) signaling molecules: signals to microbes to move towords plant

What are the two forms of fungal symbiosis? which one is the most common?

-Arbuscular mycorrhiza: fungi penetrates cortical cells and stays between cell wall and plasma membrane. Most common -ectomycorrhiza: fungi do not penetrate root cells, but do penetrate the apoplast

What are the two types of arbuscular mycorrhizal infection?

aurum-type and Paris-type

What is a Hartig net?

A Hartig net is a network of mycorrhizal hyphae outside of the root

Who creates NH4+ in the soil? Who breaks it down to NO3?

NH4+ is created by decomposers. It is then assimilated into NO3 by a series of nitrite and then nitrate fixing bacteria

What enzyme is used for nitrate assimilation? what enzyme is used for nitrite assimilation?

Nitrate Reductase and Nitrite Reductase

How do plants fix nitrogen into amino acids?

From NO3-, it is converted back to NH4+, then added to a Glutamate to make glutamine, which then is added to a 2-OG to make 2 glu by GOGAT

What enzyme do microbes have that allow them to fix nitrogen in the air?

nitrogenase

What are the four major types of lipids?

TAGs, Glyceroplipids, Waxes, and other (hormones and signaling)

What is an oleosin and what is lipases

and oleosin is a ball of TAGs with their tails all inside. Lipases can then come in and cleave off a FA tail

What two enzymes regulate malate concentration in the TCA cycle? Why do they do it?

Malic enzyme: allows for the incorporation of a second malate to the first to conjugate it into pyruvate. Lowers organic acid levels (including citrate) PEP carboxylate: allows for additional TCA intermediates by turning a PEP into a malate. This allows for the removal of other intermediates for N assimilation or GNG

What are the three steps in lignin biosynthesis

1)PAL deaminates Phe, which is then added to a CoA factor to designate it as a lignin precursor 2) precursor looses CoA, and is reduced to an aldehyde 3)Aldehyde is then reduced to an alcohol --> monolingnol

what four enzymes are involved in nitrogen fixation?

1)Nitrate reductase (reduces NO3 to NO2) 2) Nitrite reductase (reduces NO2 to NH4+) 3)Glutamine synthase (Fixes NH4+ to Glutamate to make a glutamine) 4)GOGAT (conjugates a Gln with a 2-OG to make two Glutamates)

What enzyme is needed in order to fix N2 from the air?

Nitrogenase (reduces an N2 to 2 NH3s)(only found in bacteria)

How many CesA subunits are there in a Cellulose synthase complex?

36 (6 per a rosette with 6 rosettes in a CSC)

Describe a nutrient in all four groups and what it does

Group 1: N, or S. Involved in AA, DNA, and RNA formation Group 2: P, Si, and B. Involved in DNA and RNA formation Group 3: K, Ca++, Mg ++. Critical cofactors and ions Groups 4: Fe, Mn, Cu. Enzyme cofactors

Difference between Invertase, sucrose synthase, amylase, and startch phosphotase

Invertase: breaks sucrose into fructose and glucose sucrose synthase: can transform UDP-GLc and fructose into sucrose, and visa versa amylase: breakes amylopectin into maltose startch phosphotase: uses phosphate to eat startch main frame

What does the shikimate pathway produce?

Lignin and auxin and salicyclic acid

What is the difference between phytoanticipins and phytoalexins?

Phytoalexins: inducible defense compounds phytoanticipins: constitutive defense compounds

What are the five types of chemical defenses? Which two are widely avaliable?

Terpenoids and phenylpropanoids are the most common, but glucosinolates, alkaloids, and cyanogenic glycosides

Is lignin a terpenoid or a phenylpropanoid

phenylpropanoid

Which of the seven hormones are synthesized from isoprenoid metabolism, lipid metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, the shikimate pathway, and the yang cycle?

Isoprenoids: GA, ABA, and some CKs Lipid metabolism: JA Nucleotide metabolism: some CKs shikimate pathway: IAA yang cycle: ethylene

What does the Yang cycle do?

it recycles sulfur within the plant

Which go to the nucleus and which cause a kinase cascade? Photochrome, cryptochrome and phototropin?

photochrome and cryptochrome go to the nucleus. Phototropin goes starts a kinase cascade

Which experience phosphorylation during activation? Photochrome, cryptochrome and phototropin?

photochrome and phototropin are phosphorylated. Cryptochrome preforms a dimerization

Which absorbs blue light and which absorbs red light? Phytochrome, cryptochrome and phototropin?

phytochrome absorbs red. Cryptochrome and phototropin absorbs blue

Which have crown roots, seminal roots, and adventitious roots that can develop from root tissue?

Monocots

Which have tap roots, lateral roots, and adventitious roots that cannot develop from the root tissue?

dicots

What did Dr. Bloom's CO2 enrichment study show?

That biomass at first went up, and then decreased with increased CO2. Believes that this is due to a cocurrent drop in NO3 assimilation

Which cofactor prefers photorespiration, and which prefers photosynthesis? (Mg++ and Mn++)

Mn: prefers photorespiration Mg: prefers photosynthesis

What does the rubisco active site bind to?

Co2, O2, Me2+, RuBP, NADPH, and 6PG

Which hormones work via repressor degredation, versus kinase cascade,

Repressor degreation: GA, Eth, JA, IAA Kinase Cascade: CK, ABA

Where are receptors found for GA, IAA, ABA, Eth, JA, and CK found (3)?

ABA: plasma membrane CK and Eth: ER membrane JA, GA, and IAA: nucleus

Which hormone is involved in stomatal closure?

ABA

Which hormone is involved in wall acidification and cell expansion?

IAA

Which hormone is involved with rhizobial infection

What do sieve elements do not have that other cells do?

No nuclei, vacuole, microfilaments, microtubules, golgi body, or ribosomes

What are the cells found in xylem, and what are the cells found in phloem?

xylem: tracheids, vessels, parencyma phloem: sieve tube cells, companion cells, and parencyma

How many ATP and NADPHs made in photosynthesis per one CO2 fixed

3 ATPs and 2 NADPHs

Which photosystem is found in the lumen, and which is found in the grana

PSII: grana PSI: thylakoid

Final deck Flashcards

(66 cards)