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Animal Care and Handling > Final Deck > Flashcards

Final Deck Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

What is behavioral enrichment

A

Provision of enrichment stimuli that increased opportunities for species-typical behaviors with the intention of enhancing animals’ physical and psychological well being.

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2
Q

2 Pioneers of behavioral enrichment

A

1900- Carl Hagenbeck- father of the modern zoo, enclosures without bars
1876-1956- Robert Mearns Yerkes worked with chimps and apes, wrote about the importance of enrichment for primates in captivity

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3
Q

2 MORE pioneers of behavioral enrichment

A

1950- Dr. Heini Hediger- father of zoo biology, psychological needs, mentally, physically, and socially. Healthy and humans responsibilities
1980 Hal Markowitz- expanding the way we think about enrichment, giving animals’ choice

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4
Q

Goals of behavioral enrichment

A

Provide choice
Encourages problem solving
Encourages investigating
Species-appropriate behavior

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5
Q

Benefits of enrichment

A

Enhance animal welfare
Enhance guest experience
Enhance job satisfaction of staff
Education
Conservation, breeding

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6
Q

Steps to providing behavioral enrichment

A

Determine the goal
Research/plan
Implement
Document
Evaluate and readjust

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7
Q

Research of the animal when creating behavioral enrichment should include

A

Does this animal hunt or passively find food
Where is it on the food chain
Carn, Herb, Omni
Social or solitary
Habitat
Which senses does it use
What have other people done

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8
Q

Safety research for enrichment should include

A

Is it safe
Can it break glass or other things
Can it help with escape
Can it be used as a weapon
Can animal become entangled
Impaction

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9
Q

A behavioral enrichment program should

A

Be goal orientated
Self sustaining/staff
Be integrated into daily management
Based on science

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10
Q

How do you know if BE is successful

A

Reduced abnormal behavior
Increased activity
More exploration
Less aggression
More play
Less fear
More natural behavior

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11
Q

Categories of enrichment

A

Physical environment
Social environment
Food
Senses
Training/ human interaction

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12
Q

Tips for physical environment enrichment

A

Use the vertical space
Carns and primates most likely to investigate novel items
Herbivores less likely to explore
Males more than females
Young more than old

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13
Q

Tips for social environment enrichment

A

Groups
Mixed species
Near others

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14
Q

Food types

A

Diet
Novelty
Variety
Treats

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15
Q

What to think about when providing food delivery enrichment

A

Frequency
Presentation:
Hidden, whole food, dispersed, live food, time released

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16
Q

Senses–> olfactory

A

Scents
feces
urine
spices

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17
Q

Senses–> audio

A

Novel sounds
Sounds of same/different species
Music

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18
Q

Senses- tactile

A

Texture
Manipulable object
Novelty

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19
Q

Potential enrichment problems

A

Frusteration
Dangerous for the animal
Competition
Safety

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20
Q

Enrichment tips

A

Research natural history
Know the individual
Money
Keep it unpredictable
Don’t rely on one type
Safety
Consider vet and nutritional issues

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21
Q

Definition of restraint

A

Restricted movement
Can range from minimal to complete immobilization
Varies with the desired objective
Why must this animal be restrained
Physical vs chemical

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22
Q

Goal of good restraint

A

Minimal amount of restraint consistent with accomplishing the task

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23
Q

Needs for restraint

A

Medical
Emergencies
Moving animals
Husbandry
ID

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24
Q

Things to consider about restraint

A

Environment
Behavior
Hierarchy
Health status
Territoriality
Time of day

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25
Tools of restraint according to Fowler
Psychological Diminishing sense perceptions Confinement Extension of arms Physical barriers Physical force Chemical restraint
26
Restraint equipment
Gloves Acrylic tubes Blindfolds/hoods Squeeze cage Chutes Snare poles Boards Towels Rope Corrals
27
Humane considerations when restraining an animal
Pain Will the procedure result in the greatest good for the animal Emotional or psychological impact
28
Things to consider when planning a restraint
Who is responsible Do all parties know their roles No substitute for experience and confidence or training Provide equipment and facilities necessary for the procedure Time Follow through with observation until animal is back to normal
29
Potential problems when restraining an animal
Escape routes Defense reactions Stress Animal trauma (overheating, drowning, injury) Human trauma Capture myopathy
30
4 questions to ask when restraining an animal
1. Is it safe for the people 2. Is it safe for the animal 3. Will the suggested restraint be enough to accomplish the procedure (greatest gain with least risk) 4. Can observation post restraint be ensured
31
Ways to minimize restraint/ make it less stressful
Training or de-sensitization Proper facilities Wait until proper resources are present Be wary of escape potential Be creative Know the tricks of the species/ their self defense weapons Listen to the keepers
32
What is QOL
Quality of life cannot be equated with physical health, mental state, or well-being, but is multidimensional concept involving an individual's perception of these and other aspects of life (An objective way to assess an individual's condition)
33
According to the WHO, what are the six broad domains of experience involved in determining a person's quality of life
1. Physical 2. Psychological 3. Level of independence 4. Social relationships 5. Environment 6. Spiritual
34
When do we use QOL
When an animal has a chronic condition, medical or behavioral
35
How do we determine QOL
Baseline data Lots of observation Data interpretation
36
Descriptions of grief
A normal, painful, natural, and temporary reaction to a loss Can involve many intense feelings Not everyone experiences all of these
37
Define anticipatory grief AKA pre-grief
Grief experienced as an individual is nearing the end Can be when considering euthanasia
38
Degrees of grief
Each time is different or unique We might feel sad without deep pain Sometimes feels like your heart is ripped out
39
Stages of grief
Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
40
What do we need to remember as animal care professionals when considering grief
We live longer than most of the animals we love and care for We will lose them to death or transfer These animals are not our pets You may not agree with the decisions the facility makes You still have other animals to care for during your shift
41
Reactions to grief
Be kind to yourself and others, both human and animal Some seem unaffected or very deeply affected Some want to talk through it, others avoid it Some grieve deeply within, but not visibly Try not to judge or change it
42
Coping mechanisms for grief
Keep yourself strong and well both physically and mentally Keep balanced- eat right, exercise, mindfulness Traditions can bring stability (turnovers) Don't let yourself wear down
43
How to help others to cope with grief
Don't tell them how to feel Be a good listener Resist the temptation to try and fix it Share memories Don't feel rejected if they don't want you there
44
What is job burnout
Burnout is used to describe a state of mental weariness Exhaustion, cynicism, and reduced efficiency or effectiveness
45
Why do zookeepers burnout
Job demands Not achieving goals Lack stimulating personal growth/development Environmental stressors Social stressors Financial stressors
46
How can you keep yourself from burning out
Become part of the community of professionals Find a mentor Revisit why you are in the profession
47
Symptoms of burnout
Low energy or fatigue Frequent illness Headaches Change in sleep patterns Disengagement, detachment Frustration Helplessness Hopelessness/ loss of motivation
48
Why do we use identification
Large groups Similar animals New keepers Better welfare
49
Ideal methods of ID would be
Permanent Inexpensive Legible at a distance Humane Inconspicuous to the public Fast and easy to use
50
Types of ID
Natural markings Bands Tags Ear notchings Tattoos Collars Transponders or microchips Branding (hot and cold) Digit clipping Dyed, painted, or shaved hair-not permanent Chalk
51
Pros and Cons of bands
Pros- colors are easier to read, unobtrusive Cons- numbers difficult to read, can be lost, possible construction
52
Pros and Cons of tags
Pros- Readily available, easy to use, inexpensive Cons- numbers wear off, constriction, tags can be a portal entry for infection
53
Pros and Cons of ear notching
Pros- easy and inexpensive Cons- easily seen by guest, objection on humane grounds, in adults can lead to excessive bleeding
54
Pros and Cons of tattoos
Pros- almost infinite combo of letters and numbers Cons- can fade, animal must be handled to read
55
Pros and Cons of collars
Pros- can be colored or numbered, humane, can attach telemetry, inexpensive Cons- obtrusive, can become tangled, other animals may be attracted to it
56
Pros and cons of transponders/microchips
Pros- can be placed IM or sub cue, universal readers Cons- Not all brands were compatible, cost, not legible from a distance, reading range varies, chip can slip
57
Attributes of African elephants
Has 2 sub-species Largest land mammal Bigger ears Male and female have tusks Trunk has 2 finger-like projections Has 4 toenails on each forefoot
58
Attributes of Asian elephants
Has 4 sub-species 2nd largest land mammal Only male has large tusks while female has "tushes" Trunk has 1 finger-like projection Has 5 toenails on each forefoot
59
What is the zoo environment (housing) for elephants
AZA requires facilities have separate enclosures for males In N. America, each facility is required to have indoor housing Indoor and outdoor requirements Appropriate staffing (min of 2 people at all times) Protected contact
60
Describe free contact with elephants
Keeper interacts with elephants without a barrier Keeper usually carries a guide Requires additional training and skill for the keeper Free contact used to be the accepted management style Resulted in keeper injury and death Complaints of abuse Some feel it is hierarchy based
61
Describe protective contact with elephants
Keeper works with elephants through or from behind barrier Physical contact is restricted to specific locations No guide used
62
Basic behaviors for elephants
Foot care Ear/eye/mouth presentation Trunk wash ERD Shift Blood draw (from where)
63
What do you need to be an elephant keeper
Ability to communicate with others Working knowledge of operant conditioning Excellent problem solving skills Ability to education Ability and willingness to work hard
64
What is a marine mammal
Lives part of their lives in salt water, has mammal characteristics
65
Three pinnipeds that are most commonly found in zoos or aquariums (Pinniped means fin-footed)
1. Phocidae (seals)- harbor seal and gray seal 2. Otariidae (sea lions, fur seals)- calf sea lion, patagonian sea lion, steller seal lion, Australian seal lion, S. American fur seal, S. Africa fur seal 3. Obodenidae (walrus)
66
What species are included in family Odontoceti (toothed whale or dolphin)
Bottlenose dolphin Pacific white-sided dolphin Pilot whale Orca Beluga Commersons dolphin Harbor porpoises
67
What species are included in the family Mysticeti (baleen whales)
Blue Humpback Grey Fin Right whales
68
What species are included in the family Sirenia
Manatee and dugong
69
Describe the pinniped: seals
Use front flippers to crawl on land No external ear Tend to have spots, rings or patches in fur that vary in color Swims using hind flippers
70
Describe the pinniped: sea lions
Can use front flippers to support weight Rotate hind flippers for walking Have external ears Mostly brown or grey in color Swims using front flippers
71
Describe the walrus
Front flippers support weight Can rotate hind flippers Have tusks Have very little hair in comparison Whiskers are thicker Use both sets of flippers for swimming Males and females have tusks
72
Requirements for pinniped enclosures
Haul out area Rounded ends instead of corners Shallow area and sloped entrance and exit from pool Separate pools for maternity, sick, or separating social group Size requirements Consider: fresh water, natural water temps, shade, manatees need heated water
73
Tips on Food and water for pinnipeds
Variety is best Amounts Feeding times Fresh as possible Frozen IQF vs block Thaw 24 hours Vitamins Water
74
Common equipment for marine mammals
Scale Squeeze cage Lift platform/floor Stretcher training Nets
75
Training and enrichment of marine mammals
Target Tactile Blood draw Husbandry Crate or stretcher training Enrichment/toys Training is enrichment Repetitive is boring

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