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Animal Training 2nd year > Final Deck > Flashcards

Final Deck Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

Define animal training

A

The process of making desired behaviors more likely to occur and undesired behaviors less likely to occur

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2
Q

Define Classical conditioning

A

Pavlov
Reflex training (dog and bell)
Works with stimulus and response
Passive choice unconscious decision

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3
Q

Define operant conditioning

A

Behavior is determined by experience
Active choice

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4
Q

What is an unconditioned reinforcer

A

Anything an animal finds inherently rewarding
You know something is a reinforcer when it makes a behavior more likely to occur

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5
Q

What is an unconditioned punisher

A

Anything the animal finds inherently punishing
You know it’s punishing when it makes a behavior less likely to occur

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6
Q

What is a conditioned reinforcer

A

Any stimulus that becomes reinforcing through association with a primary reinforcer

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7
Q

What is a conditioned stimulus that pinpoints the precise moment of a desired response

A

The bridge

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8
Q

Give three examples of primary reinforcers

A

Food
Water
Shelter

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9
Q

What is a trained cue

A

A signal which will elicit a specific behavior or reflex as a result of a learned association

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10
Q

How do you know an animal understands a cue

A

Behavior occurs only when the SD is present.

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11
Q

What are the four types of Intermittent reinforcement schedules

A
  1. Fixed Interval
  2. Fixed Ratio
  3. Variable Interval
  4. Variable Ratio
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12
Q

Differentiate between a time out and an LRS

A

LRS- no response followed by the opportunity to earn more reinforcement
Time out- Removes the opportunity to earn more reinforcement in a set time period

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13
Q

What is differential reinforcement

A

Using different reinforcement (magnitude, type, value) to mark desired behaviors
Adjusting reinforcement based on animals performance of behavior.

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14
Q

What is DRO

A

Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior
Decrease occurrence of one behavior by reinforcing the occurrence of other behaviors (not necessarily incompatible, just less likely)

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15
Q

What is DRI

A

Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior
Decrease occurrence of one behavior by reinforcing the occurrence of another behavior that cannot occur at the same time as the undesired behavior

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16
Q

What is DRL

A

Differential Reinforcement of Low Intensity Behavior
Decrease high activity/sensitized behavior by reinforcing low activity/calm behaviors

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17
Q

Do fixed or variable patterns create a more stable response rate

A

Variable

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18
Q

Define habituation

A

Habituation is the waning of a response as a result of repeated stimulation which is not followed by any kind of reinforcement
When seeing a stimulus has no punishing or reinforcing value, the stimulus is driven a neutral

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19
Q

Define dishabituation

A

Recovery of the habituated response as a result of strong extraneous stimulus
(animal is driven towards a punishing or reinforcing value away from a previously neutral response)

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20
Q

What is an innovation session

A

Reinforce the animal for doing anything new.

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21
Q

What is the model/rival technique

A

Developed by Irene Pepperberg, was used to train Alex the parrot for complex tasks (a human acted as the model with Alex as the rival)
Can be multiple, passive, or active

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22
Q

What is a motivating operation

A

Antecedent that alters the effectiveness of reinforcement and rates of responses that have produced that reinforcer previously

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23
Q

How does trust relate to training

A

Set rules of the game and follow predictably
Approximations are consistent with rules previously set

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24
Q

How do we provide control

A

Consistency in training game rules and ensuring animals are an operant

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25
How do we provide choice
Give the animal the choice to participate or not
26
Are errors necessary to learn
If there is error, it is always the trainer's fault and not the animal. And it is not necessary for learning to occur.
27
What are some reasons for aggression
Reactive response to a situation Natural predatory response Innate, hormonal, hierarchal Frustration induced, stressors
28
What are some precursors to aggression
Body posture, hair, eyes, vocalizations Self protection- submissive displays and bite inhibition
29
Why might a trainer ignore precursors to aggression
Doesn't seem serious enough Doesn't recognize them Effects of ignoring precursors- animals stops giving them, quick to aggression without signs
30
How to deal with aggression
Stay calm, remove from situation Evaluate what is reinforcing and instigating aggression and remove Remove opportunities to repeat aggression Listen to precursors Put aggressive behavior on cue/incompatible
31
What is a keep going signal
Any signal that specifically indicated an animal that it has done well but shouldn't stop or return to station. Useful for long duration behaviors. Typically repeated cue or separate bridge.
32
What is an end of session signal
Cue that signals a training session has ended. Can indicate when an animal is in session versus not. May cause aggression or punish an animal who does not want to end session.
33
How to train when the dominant group animal prevents subordinates from training
Widely-spaced stations & multiple trainers Distance reduces chance of dominant animal leaving station Reinforce dominant animal for allowing subordinate animal to take food Gradually move stations closer
34
What should you keep in mind as a single trainer training a whole group of animals
Clear standards of when an animal is working vs not Fair opportunities provided to all individuals Opportunities for reinforcement in all scenarios
35
True or False: Not participating when asked is a behavior
True
36
What are some reasons to train in groups
Reduce aggression, manage the group. For shows and outreach, ability to separate individuals from the ground and work with/around other animals. Also medical and husbandry.
37
In what circumstances can animals housed in a group be trained
while within/group worked individually temporarily separated for shifting, crating fully separated, removed from exhibit entirely
38
What are some conflicts that may occur when training voluntary separation of an individual from a group
Animals don't want to stay behind Animal doesn't want to leave group Animal doesn't want to return to the cage
39
How would you go about training voluntary temporary separation
Train temporary separation within enclosure with stations or crates. Reinforce both. Approximate leaving. Should be just as reinforcing to stay as it is to leave.
40
Define the Clever Hans effect aka the Observer-expectancy effect
You know the answer and unintentionally cue the animal
41
How do you fix the observer-expectancy effect
Make your test double blind Ensure that person working animal does not know the right answer Or remove all people
42
T or F: Depending on how an animal has been reinforced, they may learn to answer differently
True. Example: Dogs behave differently in response to attentional state of the owner
43
If a pigeon was tasked with choosing a matching color, and were either continuously reinforced or intermittently reinforced, which reinforcement schedule would result in the pigeons being the most discriminative between shades of blue.
Continuous- pigeons reported shades of blue were different Intermittent- pigeons were categorical and reported all shades of blue were the same
44
Define the Go-No Go technique
Take action when perceive stimuli, do nothing if not
45
T or F: You can achieve training goals without the animal perceiving you/needing a relationship with you
True
46
Define semi-protected contact
Training with partial barriers, but animal still has access to trainer
47
What are some cons to being free contact with elephants
Dangerous due to large size, hormonal changes, males musth, and females with their young
48
What were the traditional training techniques for elephants
Using an elephant hook (ankus) to direct or cue the elephant using negative reinforcement/positive punishment. Elephant moves away from the pressure.
49
What are the steps of target training
Desensitize target Touch target to animal, bridge, and feed. Hold target close. When animal moves into the target, bridge and feed. Approximate the distance. Build follow.
50
What were the results of working semi/protected contact with elephants
Ability to work safely Functional with staff turnover Improved public views Change in industry philosophy Decreased aggression Costly Less control group behavior
51
Define sensitization
Increase of response to stimulus due to increase neurological response. Created by novelty effect or experience driving value away from neutral.
52
What is extinction
When reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior is discontinued.
53
T or F: Extinction and forgetting a behavior are the same thing
False. Forgetting is a decline in conditioned response due to lack of use or prolonged absence of experience. Extinction is a decline in conditioned response due to lack of reinforcement
54
What is an extinction burst
Increase in frequency, intensity and/or variability of response. With continued lack of reinforcement, response declines. With occasional reinforcement, can strengthen behavior
55
Extinction will be more robust with
Increased experience/ repetition Exposure over time (spaced out vs all at once) Multiple context vs context
56
Will a continuous or intermittent reinforcement schedule cause extinction to occur more quickly
Continuous. Also causes more frustration.
57
What is the overtraining extinction effect
More training with continuous reinforcement makes behavior less resistant to extinction
58
What is the partial reinforcement extinction effect
Training with intermittent reinforcement makes behavior more resistant to extinction.
59
Why does the intermittent reinforcement schedule cause less frustration in an animal when extinguishing a behavior
Intermittent schedule trains approximations to accept frustration The animals learning to respond even when they expect not to be reinforced
60
Fill in the blank: Temporal ‘breaks’ between extinction and re-cueing behavior lead to an ___________ in offering behavior
increase
61
T or F: Extinction is highly context specific
True. Context clarifies significance of a stimulus when experience mixed (reinforced or extinction)
62
Define restoration
Return to extinction by re-creating context cues during extinction
63
Define reinstatement
Re-exposure to the US creates an increase in behavior Relies on ‘chance’ exposure and reinforcing experience
64
Define resurgence
Extinction of another response leads to increase in extinct behavior ▪ Train behavior A, then extinguish ▪ Train behavior B, then extinguish ▪ See increase in offering behavior A BUT extinction of multiple stimuli increases strength for both
65
Differentiate between habituation and counter-conditioning
Habituation is a passive, experiential process Counter-conditioning is an active, reinforcement process
66
T or F: Habituation is neurologically based
True
67
Define Sensory adaptation
Decrease in physiological response due to sense organ temporary failure -Generalized to any stimulus impacting that sense organ -Example: Temporary threshold changes to hearing
68
Name some factors that affect the speed of habituation
Frequency of exposure Duration of exposure Excitatory condition Strength of stimulus Attention Associations with stimulus: Prior, Current
69
Define spontaneous recovery
Return of response level to baseline levels produced by a period of rest after habituation or sensitization
70
Will more frequent exposure to the stimulus result in faster or slower habituation
Faster habituation, but shorter retention (short term)
71
Define dishabituation
Recovery of the habituated response as result of strong extraneous stimulus
72
Give some examples of tactile training
Reinforce animal maintaining a body position and allowing physical manipulation of body  Goal behavior specific to species  Generalize to allow anyone to touch (ie vet staff)  Layout/positions  Modelling technique
73
What is a discrete cue
Stimulus presented for limited times with clear beginning/end Salient to animal

Animal Training 2nd year (3 decks)

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