Final Exam Flashcards by Caden Bax

4 goals of the study of psychology

description, explanation, prediction, and control

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3 levels of analysis

brain, person, group

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Wundt argued that consciousness was a structure built of a variety of elements (i.e., every point of view).
Wundt’s method was “introspection,” a systematic self-observation of one’s own conscious experience.
The concern of Wundt’s work includes that all experiences are different depending on the individual

Structuralism

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William James goal was to change psychology from a description of what happened to an understanding of why things happened
James wanted to focus on the real work rather than internal individual experiences
He disagreed with Wundt’s notion that consciousness can be measured by static elements instead he thought it was fluid.

functionalism

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If negatively (right) skewed, where is the mean and vice versa?

Mean to the left/mean to the right (mean follows direction of skew)

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They serve a variety of functions such as holding the neurons together (like glue), making sure the neurons are well-fed with nutrients, and creating a coating (called myelin sheath) to improve efficiency in the neurons

glial cells

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What state is a neuron in when there is more negative charges inside the cell

Resting potential

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What happens in action potential

At this point, the cell membrane becomes permeable. The positive ions that were previously on the outside of the membrane flow into the cell.

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When the voltage of a certain transmission increases the possibility the PSP will fire

excitatory

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Dysregulation of this could mean Parkinson’s

dopamine

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Dysregulation of this could mean depression

Seritonin

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Dysregulation of this could mean movement problems

acetylcholine

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Dysregulation of this could mean anxiety

GABA

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Dysregulation of this could mean pain

Endorphins

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flows from the body to the CNS

Afferent

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Flows form CNS out

Efferent

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responsible for Voluntary movement

Somatic nervous system

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responsible for involuntary movement of the muscles, glands, blood vessels

Autonomic

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is mobilizes us for emergencies. This is what you think of when hear “fight or flight”.

sympathetic NS

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it calms our bodies down post-emergency, conserving our body’s resources to get us back to where we were before the emergency

Parasympathetic NS

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Autonomic is comprised of…

sympathetic and para

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Somatic is comprised of…

afferent and efferent

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what does MRI do?

The MRI and fMRI track blood flow/oxygen to mark activity and provides us with a 3D view of the brain

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What does PET do?

uses a dye to help us map functioning, so that metabolic activity can be assessed

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x-rays that help us see structure in the brain

CT scan

Whats in the hindbrain?

Cereballum, medualla, pons

Whats in the forebrain?

Thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, cerebrum

Damage = lack of coordination.Note that alcohol is a form of damage, and as such, roadside tests that test your balance are actually testing your BLANK function.

Cerebellum

Damage = death. Indeed, given the BLANK is the primary region that affects breathing, if you have destroyed the BLANK, you may not survive without intervention.

MEDULLA

This connects brainstem to cerebellum, and damage can be a range of things depending on where it is damaged, given it is part of the brain stem. Damage could impact a range of functions including reduction in arousal or potentially even lead to death

PONS

This is responsible for alertness and consciousness; as such, Damage = sleep/wake disturbances potentially coma.

Midbrain/ reticular formation

part of the Limbic system. The blank is like a traffic cop relaying sensory information to different parts of the cortex.

Thalamus

part of the limbic system It is responsible for the 'Four F's': fighting, fleeing, feeding and…mating. It sends information to the ANS and glands in emergency situations

Hypothalamus

The third part of the limbic system which processes emotion and tells us whether a threat is valid or not.

Amygdala

which hemisphere is verbal?

The left

This "biological clock" boils down to a chain of events where the light hits receptors in your eyes (retinal receptors) which is sent to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus, in turn to the pineal gland, which in turn tells melatonin () to be secreted

Circadian rhythem

Heart rate, breathing slows. This is where you have that, 'feel like you're falling' feeling due to jerking muscles, theta waves

Stage 1

Sleeps spindles and mixed EEG activity

stage 2

Progressively more delta waves, This is where sleep walking can occur as the paralysis hormone has not yet been released

stage 3 and 4

what happens in the brain when partial sleep deprivation occurs?

The amygdala is about fear/emotion, while the pre-frontal cortex houses your ability to reason and self-regulate. So, without sleep your emotionality increases and your ability to control it declines

Activation-synthesis model...

states that neurons in various parts of the brain are activated during REM sleep (recall how inconsistent our EEG waves are during REM), and then synthesized by the brain. The brain tries to make a story of this activation of information and memories

Brain waves from most awake to most asleep

Beta - Alpha - Theta - Delta

When you condition a NS into a CS then add a NS and it becomes the CS

Higher order conditioning

What is Law of Effect?

Positive consequences increase the likelihood that the behaviour will be repeated, and negative consequences decrease the likelihood the behaviour will occur again

Reinforcement is after a fixed number

Fixed Ratio

Reinforcement is after a variable number of responses

Variable Ratio

Reinforcement after a fixed time interval

Fixed Interval

Reinforcement after a variable time interval

Variable Interval

Answering high scores on items like being nervous, tense, worrying a lot, would likely categorize someone as...

neurotic

...is a trait categorized by high scores on items such as being imaginative, curious, original, a deep thinker versus being conventional and narrow in one's interests

Openness

...is characterized as being high on items such as being good-natured, warm, cooperative, trusting versus irritable, argumentative, and suspicious

Agreeablness

...is characterized as being high on items such as being responsible, self-disciplined, organized and achieving versus irresponsible, careless, impulsive and lazy

Conscientiousness

Not part of current thoughts but easily brought to mind.

Preconscious

Primitive, instinctual motives (sex, aggression, death)

Unconscious

Partially conscious and unconscious, attempts to provide gratification in 'appropriate' ways. wants to find solutions that don't violate the superego's moral imperative. For example, this would be the voice in your head saying, “the hook-up is ok AS LONG AS YOU HAVE A CONDOM”

The Ego

Moral imperatives

superego

Describe Frued's "Id"

This is the element of personality that is driven to seek pleasure and avoid discomfort. Notice it lies as deep as the unconscious. But this pleasure is impulsive, irrational, and immature.

Repression

Keeping distressing thoughts and feeling buried

Projection

attributing ones own thoughts or motives to another person

Displacement

Diverting anger from original source to substitute target

Reaction formation

Reacting in the opposite way you feel

Regression

A reversion to immature behaviours

Identification

boosting self-esteem by forming imaginary allience with person or group

Sublimation

when unconcious impulses are channeled into socially acceptable behaviours (ig, young mans sexual longing channeled into creativity)

4 criteria for abnormalities

Deviance, destress, dysfunction (maladaptive), potential harm

those characterized by excessive worry and apprehension

Anxiety disorder

worry, muscle tension, dizzy, sweating. Uncontrollable for 6 months steady

GAD (no apparent external threat)

Persistent unwanted thoughts, repetitive behaviours

OCD (no apparent external threat) Checkers, cleaners, hoarders, symmetry.

recurrent, unexpected, overwhelming anxiety marked by nightmares, flash backs, alienation of others, depression, anxiety, anger, increased arousal

PTS (Perceived external threat along with Phobias, and panic attacks)

Dissociative amnesia

whereby a traumatic event leads to losing important personal information associated with that event

emotional disturbances that affect our perceptual, social and cognitive functioning. They can be episodic, or chronic

Mood disorders

Chronic but low level depression.

Dysthymia (unipolar)

Physical symptoms (e.g., changes is sleep and eating behaviour); no longer enjoying things you used to; suicide. Mostly episodic but can be long-term episodes. Incidence: 8% of adults will experience at some time in their lives. Women experience more than men.

major depression (unipolar)

Depression spikes occur in low light. Vitamin D3 and light therapy has been helpful

Seasonal affective disorder

chronic, but low-level bipolar disorder.

Cyclothymia

This is marked by, not mere happiness, but euphoria, optimism, hyperactivity and imp

Bipolar disorder

What do SSRI's do?

reduce the reuptake of serotonin

What parts of the brain are altered in depression?

The amygdala which helps process emotions and the hippocampus which has a role in memory

Psychoanalysis theory of insight therapy

assumes that the reason disorders occur is because of unconscious conflict causing anxiety. As such, the goal of psychoanalysis is to uncover these unconscious conflicts

Client centred therapy

Rogers believed that the cause of anxiety was the incongruence between one's self-concept and reality, and that occurred because of a lack of unconditional love. Tools = genuineness, positive regard, empathy, active listening, clarification.

Social skills training

It utilizes observational learning, whereby the client is taught to observe the skill in others, or, it is modelled by the therapist

Therapists like Ellis, and Beck focus on identifying the negative thought, and then challenging the logic of that thought, to encourage the client to realize, such thoughts are not logical, second they ask what is the best and worst that can happen

cognative-behavioral therapy

prescribed to slow us down

Anti-anxiety (tranquilizers)

Antipsychotic drugs

act to decrease dopamine, do so because the presumed cause of certain disorders, like schizophrenia or other disorders where delusions or hallucinations are present, is too much dopamine

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

occurs by holding magnets over the head to increase or decrease activity in certain brain areas