Final Exam

Question 1

What is Information Processing Theory?

Answer 1

Cognitive Development changes over time, humans process information, continuous patterns of development (no stages).

Question 2

The cognitive process includes…?

Answer 2

Attention, Working memory, long term memory

Question 3

How is information processed?

Answer 3

Input - Attention - Sensory register - Working memory - Long term memory

Question 4

The process between short term memory and long term memory

Answer 4

Retrieval and encoding

Question 5

What is attention?

Answer 5

The allocation of limited processing resources.

Question 6

Where does control of attention occur?

Answer 6

Parietal lobes (but central cognition occurs in the prefrontal cortex)

Question 7

What is working memory used for?

Answer 7

Attention, complex thinking, organizing, problem-solving, remembering tasks.

Question 8

Types of Memory?

Answer 8

Explicit (recall, voluntary, conscious) and Implicit (Involuntary, unconscious)

Question 9

Examples of types of Long-term memory.

Answer 9

Episodic (memories), Semantic (general knowledge), Procedural (riding a bike, reflexes).

Question 10

What is habituation?

Answer 10

Diminishing of a response to a frequently repeated stimulus.

Question 11

How to assess infant attention?

Answer 11

Preferential looking

Question 12

First sense developed by infants.

Answer 12

Auditory

Question 13

What helps memory performances in children?

Answer 13

Language (as it develops so does memory)

Question 14

Gardeners’ theory of Multiple Intelligence?

Answer 14

8 sections (Logical-maths, Linguistic, Spatial, Musical, Body-kinesthetic, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, Naturalistic)

Question 15

What environmental factors influence intelligence?

Answer 15

Family, School, Poverty, Access to enrichment.

Question 16

5 traits of trait theory.

Answer 16

OPensess, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.

Question 17

Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development.

Answer 17

1. Trust v Mistrust 2. Autonomy v Shame & Doubt 3. Initiative v Guilt 4. Industry v Inferiority 5. Identity v Role confusion 6. Intimacy v Isolation

Question 18

When do infants develop an implicit sense of self?

Answer 18

18 months

Question 19

What are the broad categories of temperament?

Answer 19

Easy, Difficult, Slow-to-warm-up

Question 20

Temperament is…?

Answer 20

Stable. Moderately predicts later adjustment

Question 21

What percent of children are easy?

Answer 21

40%, Difficult = 10% and S-t-w-u = 15% (35% unknown)

Question 22

What is goodness-of-fit?

Answer 22

Match between child-rearing environment and a child’s temperament.

Question 23

What did Thomas & Chess say about temperament?

Answer 23

Easy, Difficult, S-t-w-u theory

Question 24

5 areas of self-esteem.

Answer 24

Scholastic, Social, Behavioural, Athletic, Physical

Question 25

Whose is the gender schema theory?

Answer 25

Bern (1981)

Question 26

What age is Identity v Confusion?

Answer 26

Adolescence

Question 27

Marcia's 4 states towards mature identity.

Answer 27

Identity Diffusion, Moratorium, Identity foreclosure, Identity achievement.

Question 28

What is the Moratorium stage?

Answer 28

When adolescence raises questions and finds answers.

Question 29

What did Arnett (2000, 2007) suggest about development?

Answer 29

A new stage of Emerging Adulthood

Question 30

What is social cognition?

Answer 30

A cognitive process that involves others

Question 31

Two common pathways of Antisocial behavior.

Answer 31

Life-course-persistent (begins early) and Adolescent-limited (begin in puberty, ends in young adulthood)

Question 32

Whose theory is social information processing?

Answer 32

Crick & Dodge (1994)

Question 33

6 steps of Social information processing.

Answer 33

1. Encoding 2. Interpretation 3. Clarification of goals 4. Response access and construction 5. Response direction 6. Behavior enactment

Question 34

What are emotions?

Answer 34

Physiological states, cognitions, behaviours, subject experiences.

Question 35

Emotion expression depends on..?

Answer 35

Culture and Personality

Question 36

Primary and Secondary Emotions.

Answer 36

Present at birth (joy, surprise, distress) Require self-awareness (embarrassed, shame, pride)

Question 37

What part of the brain is responsible for emotions?

Answer 37

Amygdala

Question 38

Who proposed attachment theory?

Answer 38

John Bowlby

Question 39

Mary Ainsworth found 3 patterns of response to the strange situation, they were...?

Answer 39

Securely attached (65%), Anxious/Ambivilant (10%), Aviodant (20%)