Final Exam

Question 1

Do vascular bundles in fruits have the same morphology as leaves?

Answer 1

True

Question 2

What is a fruit?

Answer 2

Matured ovary with fertilized ovules developing into seeds

Question 3

Accessory fruit vs parthenocarpic fruit?

Answer 3

A: Matured ovary plus noncarpellary tissue fused together (strawberry)
P: Develop without fertilization and seed development
(Banana - haploid)

Question 4

Simple fruit?

Answer 4

Develop from a single carpel (one fruit)

Question 5

Aggregate fruit?

Answer 5

Each carpel maintains its identity in the mature stage

Question 6

Multiple fruits?

Answer 6

Obtained from an inflorescence

Question 7

Accessory fruit?

Answer 7

contains accessory tissue (can be simple, aggregate, or multiple)

Question 8

What is the most diverse fruit group?

Answer 8

Simple fruits

Question 9

What is a berry?

Answer 9

Simple fleshy fruit with one or many seeds (Pepo: watermelon) (Hesperidium: orange)

Question 10

Pepo- hard exocarp (example)

Answer 10

Watermelon

Question 11

Hesperidium- leathery exocarp (example)

Answer 11

Orange

Question 12

Drupe- stony endocarp, skinlike exocarp, fleshy mesocarp (example)

Answer 12

Avacado

Question 13

Pome- most of the fruit is hypanthium (example)

Answer 13

Apple

Question 14

Achene

Answer 14

Seed that is connected to the pericarp

Question 15

What do fleshy and sweet fruits want?

Answer 15

To be eaten

Question 16

Whar do fleshy and rotten fruits want?

Answer 16

To attract scavengers

Question 17

Elaiosomes

Answer 17

Oily rich fleshy areas on the outside of hard seeds

Question 18

Is Water dispersal rare?

Answer 18

True

Question 19

What fruit if saltwater dispersed?

Answer 19

Coconuts

Question 20

Proplastids are?

Answer 20

Plastid initials (all plastids come from them)

Question 21

What are the 3 types of plastids proplastids can develop into?

Answer 21

• Etioplasts (precursor to chloroplasts)
• Chloroplasts (photosynthesis)
• Leucoplasts (storage)

Question 22

Chromoplast?

Answer 22

Chloroplast that is no longer green (breakdown of pigments) (think of fall)

Question 23

Gerontoplast?

Answer 23

Old man

Control the dismantling of nutrients and minerals stored in the chloroplasts

Question 24

What can Leucoplasts differentiate to?

Answer 24

Tannosomes (produce tannins)
Proteinplasts (store + modify proteins)
Elaiplasts (store starch)
Amyloplasts (store starch)

Question 25

Cartenoids are what colors?

Answer 25

Orange + yellow (some red) (long hydrocarbon)

Question 26

Chlorophyll is what color?

Answer 26

Green

Question 27

Betalains are what color?

Answer 27

Red (sometimes yellow)

Question 28

Anthocyanins are what colors?

Answer 28

Reds + purples

Question 29

What amino acid do betalains come from?

Answer 29

Tyrosine

Question 30

What class of pigment can protect against cold stress and depends on pH?

Answer 30

Anthocyanins

Question 31

True blue

Answer 31

Anthocyanins

Question 32

Basipetal vs acropetal

Answer 32

glucose down and water up

Question 33

Auxin transport?

Answer 33

Via xylem parencyma towards stem

Question 34

Role of auxins?

Answer 34

differentiation of vt, joining of traces, arrangement of leaves, fruit + root development

Question 35

Role of cytokinins?

Answer 35

Ratio with auxin helps differentiation lateral bud development delays breakdown

Question 36

Role of ethylene?

Answer 36

fruit maturation, stamen and carpel development, development of tissues

Question 37

Climatic fruit vs non-climacteric fruit?

Answer 37

large uptake of o2 and expulsion of co2 vs decline of photosynthesis

Question 38

Abscisic Acid role?

Answer 38

Comes from carontonoids preventing seed germination, stoma closure, signal hormone

Question 39

Gibberellins role?

Answer 39

stimulates cell division, elongation of stems and leaves, easy release of fruit

Question 40

Brassinosteroids role?

Answer 40

plant stress, element differentiation

Question 41

What is a primary metabolite?

Answer 41

Anything required for life

Question 42

Are secondary or primary metabolites more important?

Answer 42

Primary

Question 43

What are the three classes of secondary metabolites?

Answer 43

Alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics

Question 44

Examples of alkaloids

Answer 44

Morphine (opium), cocaine, caffeine, nicotine, and atropine

Question 45

What substance is used to inhibit seed growth (allelopathy)?

Answer 45

Caffeine

Question 46

What substance reduces hunger and fatigue?

Answer 46

Cocaine

Question 47

What substance is an extremely toxic and potent insecticide?

Answer 47

Nicotine

Question 48

Where is nicotine synthesized and stored?

Answer 48

Synthesized in roots and stored in vacuoles

Question 49

Atropine?

Answer 49

Do not ingest! Used to dilate pupils.

Question 50

What's the largest group of secondary metabolites?

Answer 50

Terpenoids

Question 51

What are terpenoids made of?

Answer 51

Isoprene units

Question 52

Menthol and menthone are used to deter herbivores in mint plants?

Answer 52

True

Question 53

Are essential oils terpenoids?

Answer 53

True

Question 54

Taxol (extracted from yew needles) is used for?

Answer 54

Cancer treatment

Question 55

What type of plant gives latex (rubber)

Answer 55

Hevea Trees

Question 56

What are rubber ducts called?

Answer 56

Laticifers

Question 57

Cardiac glycosides are used?

Answer 57

In recovering heart attack patients

Question 58

Flavonoids?

Answer 58

Water-soluble pigments in vacuoles (phenolics)

Question 59

What are two examples of phenolics?

Answer 59

Tannins and lignin

Question 60

Salicylic acid?

Answer 60

Gives pain relief

Question 61

What is a thigmotropism?

Answer 61

Response to touch

Question 62

Do seeds need winter to flower?

Answer 62

True

Question 63

Stratification?

Answer 63

Breaking dormancy in seeds (precise process)

Question 64

Scarification?

Answer 64

Scarring seed so it will germinate

Question 65

Chronic stimulation?

Answer 65

Thigomomorphogenesis