Final Exam Flashcards
(78 cards)
1
Q
HOT Complex Basics & Life Cycle
A
o Infect all ruminant species o HOT complex o Haemonchus – small ruminants mostly o Ostertagia – mosty cattle o Trichostrongylus – ALL
Life Cycle
• Short PPP
• Inhibited development (can encyst in tissue)
• Induced by environmental cues
2
Q
Periparturient / Spring Rise of HOT complex
A
- Increase in egg output in the spring
- Especially periparturient ewes
- Mostly due to maturation of mucosal-inhibited L4 into adults
- Seeds the pasture with eggs → L3 → lambs, kids, calves
3
Q
Haemonchus contortus Basics & Life Cycle
A
- Sheep
- Most important parasite in small ruminants
- Tropical & high humidity
- Feed on blood
- LOTS of eggs
- Rapid drug resistance
Life Cycle • Adults in abomasum produce eggs -> • Molt on pasture from egg to L3 -> • L3 ingested by host -> • L4 in mucosa -> • adult • Inhibited L4's survive winter in host • Low survival of L3's in hot/dry or cold
4
Q
Haemonchus contortus Clinical Signs
A
Anemia
o Acute & rapid -> death
o Chronic compensated
o Chronic decompensated -> clin dz
Bottle jaw (edema)
5
Q
Haemonchus contortus Pathology, DIagnosis, Treatment
A
Pathologic Effects
• Immunity- incomplete, develops after 6 months
• Acute disease usually in young
• Chronic disease in older animals
Diagnosis
• Strongyle eggs if fecal float
• Post mortem adults in abomasum
Treatment
• Ivermectin or fenbendazole
• Move to clean pasture
6
Q
Haemonchus contortus; Control & FAMCHA / Selective Deworming
A
Control
• Treat ewes at parturition
• Treat lambs at weaning, move to clean pasture
• Treat all adult animals in spring to kill adult worms
• Treat all adult animals in fall to kill adults and inhibited larvae
• Tactical treatments as needed
• Increasing protein content in ewe feed in spring helps prevent spring rise
• Do FECRT to monitor drug resistance
• Vaccine available in Australia & SA
FAMCHA & Selective Deworming
• Reduce number of animals treated
• Must evaluate every animal
7
Q
Ostertagia Basics & Life Cycle
A
- Brown stomach worm of cattle
- Most important GI nematode of cattle
- May have antithelmentic resistance
- L4s survive in gastric glands
- L3s survive on pasture
- Irrigation improves survival
Life Cycle • Adults in abomasum produce eggs -> • pasture L1, 2, 3 -> • ingested by host -> • migrate to mucosa & L4s survive in gastric glands -> • adult • PPP ~3 weeks
8
Q
Ostertagiosis Type I Basics, Diagnosis, Treatment
A
- Adult worms cause diarrhea and reduced weight gain
- “Summer ostertagiosis”
- Most important for young pastured cattle
- Adult cattle develop modest levels of immunity
Diagnosis
o Scours in cattle less than 2 years old
o Strongyle eggs in high 100’s to low 1,000’s
Treatment
o Fenbendazole (can use in dairy)
o Ivermectin
o Moxidectin (can use in dairy)
9
Q
Ostertagiosis Type II Basics, Cinical Signs, Diagnosis, Treatment
A
- Inhibited L4 in gastric glands cause severe abomasitis
- “Winter ostertagiosis”
- young adults & calves
Clinical signs o Emaciation o Profuse watery Ds o Chronic anemia o Protein-losing enteropathy (bottle jaw)
Diagnosis
o difficult
o Clinical signs and history
o Strongyle eggs- usually low (still L4s)
o Necropsy shows nodules on mucosa of abomasum = “Morocco leather appearance”
o Can identify tissue L4 on Mucosal scrape
o Histology of the abomasum shows larvae in gastric glands
Treatment
o Albendazole
o Ivermectin
o Moxidectin
10
Q
Ostertagiosis Type II Pathogenesis
A
o L4 in gastric glands ->
o damage parietal cells ->
o decrease in HCl production & rise in pH ->
o no conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin ->
o severe digestive problems, diarrhea, wasting
11
Q
Ostertagia Prevention & Control
A
- Treat spring & fall
- Treat calves w/ 400-500+ eggs
- Treat cows w/ 200 eggs
- Focus on cows <2yo (older have some immunity)
12
Q
Trichostrongylus axei Basics, winter survival, & Life Cycle
A
- Stomach hairworm of ruminants (and horses)
- L3s survive winter on pasture
Life Cycle • Adults in abomasum produce eggs -> • pasture L1, 2, 3 -> • L3 enter host & migrate to mucosa -> • L4 -> adult • PPP ~3 weeks
13
Q
Trichostrongylus axei Clinical Signs & Treatment
A
Clinical Signs
• Mild gastritis & reduced growth of young
Treatment
• Fenbendazole (can use in dairy)
• Ivermectin
• Moxidectin (can use in dairy)
14
Q
Treating for Strongyles on Cow-Calf Operations
A
• Treat spring and fall
High Risk Pastures
• Heavily stocked (> 1-2 cows/acre)
• Irrigated
• Constantly grazed
High – Risk Cattle
• Weaned calves
• First and Second-season grazing cattle
15
Q
Treating for Strongyles on Feedlots & Dairies
A
Feedlot Operations
• Weaned cattle dewormed upon arrival
• Feedlot environment uninhabitable for strongyles
Dairy
• Weaned calves require deworming
• Adults don’t need nematode treatment
• Pastured adults - unsure
16
Q
Trichostrongylus sp. Basics, Clin Signs, Diagnosis
A
o Nematode
o Intestinal trichostrongylus are species specific
Clinical Signs • Often asymptomatic • Protracted watery Ds • Wasting / emaciation • Late summer
Diagnosis
• Strongyle egg on fecal float
• Watery Ds in late summer
• Adult worms visible on necropsy
17
Q
Trichostrongylus colubriformis
A
- Type of trichostrongylid
- Black scour worm or bankrupt worm
- 6mm long
- small intestine of small ruminants
18
Q
Cooperia
A
- Type of trichostrongylid
- 1cm long
- in small intestine of cows
- not usually primary cause of dz
- most prevelant parasite in cow/calf ops
- resistance to ivermectin
19
Q
Nematodirus sp. Basics & Life Cycle
A
- Type of Trichostrongylid
- 2.5 cm
- small intestine
- Immunity often develops after 1st year of exposure
Life Cycle • L1, L2, and L3 develop in eggs -> • Eggs very cold-resistant & hatching highly dependent on weather conditions -> • Synchronized hatching of L3s -> • Outbreaks in late spring
20
Q
Nematodirus sp. Clin Signs, Diagnosis, Treatment
A
Clinical Signs
• Often asymptomatic
• N. battus in lambs = unthrifty, severe Ds, high mortality
Diagnosis
• HUGE eggs (150-200microns)
• Heavy infection = low hundreds/gram
Treatmet
• Fenbendazole
21
Q
Bunostomum Basics, Clin Signs, Diagnosis, Treatment
A
o Ruminat hookworm
o 2cm long
o small intestine
Clinical Signs
• Anemia
• Death in calves/lambs
Diagnosis
• Adults on necropsy
Treatment
• Ivermectin
• Fenbendazole
22
Q
Strongyloides papillosus Life Cycle & Clin Signs
A
Life Cycle • PPP 1-2wks • Adult female in the small intestine -> • larvated egg shed on ground -> • hatches and molts L2, L3 -> • to host via ingestion or skin penetration -> • can go to *mammary gland*
Clinical Signs • If high numbers present • Ds in young • Goats more susceptible • Skin lesions • Sudden death syndrome in older calves
23
Q
Capillaria
A
o Adults in small intestine of ruminants
o Unimportant
24
Q
Oesophagostomum Basics & Life Cycle
A
o Nodular worm
o Strongyle
o Large intestine
Life Cycle • Host ingests L3 -> • L3 burrows into mucosa of intestine & becomes L4 -> • adult in lumen of L Int -> • strongyle egg in poop -> • molts L1 to L3 on pasture
25
Oesophagostomum Clin Signs & Diagnosis
Clinical Signs
• Granulomas around encysted L4 larvae
• chronic fetid diarrhea
• Ds also predispose sheep to blowfly strike
Diagnosis
• No eggs in fecal float during dz (encysted larvae)
• Strongyle egg in fecal float
• Nodules & adults in large intestine on necropsy
26
Chabertia ovina
```
o Sheep
o Strongyle
o Feeds on blood
o Causes anemia
o uncommon
```
27
Trichuris ovis Basics, Clin Signs, Treatment
o Whipworm of ruminants & camelids
o Common
o Eggs environmentally resistant
Clinical signs
• Poor growth
• bloody Ds
Treatment
• Fenbendazole
• Regular deworming every few months
28
Gonglyonema
o Esophageal worm
| o Ruminants
29
Dictyocaulas Basics & Life Cycle
o Lungworm in Cattle
o Direct life cycle
o Sterilizing immunity develops and protects against disease
```
Life Cycle
• Adult in bronchi ->
• larvated egg coughed up and swallowed ->
• hatches in intestinal tract ->
• L1 in feces & L2, L3 on pasture ->
• L3 ingested by host ->
• enter lymphatics ->
• lung as L4 ->
• molt to adult in airways
• PPP 4 weeks
```
30
Dictyocaulas Clin Signs, Treatment, Prevention
```
Clinical Signs
• Acute lungworm disease-
• mostly calves
• Disease severity depends on number of worms present
• Obstruct air passages
• Cough
• Tachypnea
```
Treatment
• Ivermectin, fenbendazole, or albendazole
• Move cattle off the contaminated pasture for at least several weeks, L3 do not live long
Prevention
• General nematode control program works
• Treat when suspected or necessary
• Vaccine in Britain- irradiated L3
31
Dictyocaulas Diagnosis
Early infections
• difficult to diagnose
• L4s are causing damage = no L1 in feces
• History, clinical signs
• Necropsy - look for larval worms in airways
Later stages of infections
• Fecal Baermann apparatus to isolate L1
32
Muellerius Basics & Life Cycle
```
o Common and difficult to control
o Lungworm of goats
o Requires snail intermediate host
o Adults deeply embedded in parenchyma form nodules or raised areas
o Usually nonpathogenic
```
```
Life Cycle
• Adult in lungs ->
• larvated egg coughed up and swallowed ->
• hatches in intestinal tract ->
• L1 in feces molts to L2, ->
• Molts to L3 in snail ->
• ingested by host ->
• enter lymphatics ->
• lung, L4 ->
• airways molt to adult
• PPP 4 weeks
```
33
Muellerius Diagnosis & Treatment
Diagnosis
• Baermann to identify L1
Treatment
• FBZ , Ivermectin, ABZ
• requires several treatments
34
Protostrongylus rufescens Basics & Life Cycle
o Domestic sheep -uncommon
o Wild sheep- very common
o Requires snail intermediate host
o Adults in small airways and alveoli (hard to find)
```
Life Cycle
• Adult in lungs ->
• larvated egg coughed up and swallowed ->
• hatches in intestinal tract ->
• L1 in feces molts to L2, ->
• Molts to L3 in snail ->
• ingested by host ->
• enter lymphatics ->
• lung, molt L4 ->
• airways adult
• PPP = 4 weeks
```
35
Protostrongylus rufescens Diagnosis & Treatment
Diagnosis
• Baermann for L1
Treatment
• FBZ , Ivermectin, ABZ
• requires several treatments
36
Parelaphostrongylus tenuis Basics
```
o Meningeal worm
o Natural host is white-tailed deer
o Camelids and other accidental hosts- migration in CNS can cause serious CNS damage and death
o Found east of the Missouri River
o Present in W & SW US
```
37
Parelaphostrongylus tenuis Diagnosis,Treatment, Prevention
Diagnosis
• Accidental hosts do not pass L1 in feces
• CSF analysis: eosinophils may be helpful
Treatment
• Prognosis is poor
• Can try Fenbendazole or IVM + doxycycline
Prevention
• Preventive treatments of ivermectin (30 days) or doramectin (45 days) when snails are abundant and where P. tenuis is endemic
38
Elaeophora schneideri Basics
```
o Filarial nematode
o the “arterial worm” of wild cervids and sheep
o 8-10 cm in carotid artery
o Microfilaria in skin of forehead
o Tabanid flies are vectors
```
39
Elaeophora schneideri Clinical Signs
Endothelial damage from the presence of adult arterial worms
• Multisystemic ischemic lesions- CNS, ears, and muzzle
• Blindness
• Sudden death
Sheep- microfilariae cause hypersensitivity
• “Sore head”- uncontrolled rubbing and itching
• Diagnose by detecting microfilariae in skin from head
40
Stephanofilaria stilesi
o Brisket filarial worm of cows
| o Hornfly is vector
41
Onchocerca
o Filarial worm in connective tissue
o Intermediate hosts (vectors)- Simulium, Culicoides
o Nuchal ligament, abdominal fascia
o Microfilariae in skin
42
Setaria cervi
o abdominal filarid worm,
o aka necropsy worm, Surgeon’s glove worm
o Intermediate host- mosquitoes
43
Thelazia
o Filarid worm of eye
o Transmitted by face flys
o Treated w/ ivermectin
44
Fasciola hepatica Basics
o Common liver fluke
o Adult fluke can live in bile ducts for many years
o Uses snail as intermediate host
o Infective stage metacercariae encysts on aquatic plants in late spring, summer, fall
o Killed by freezing and dry conditions
o 1 cycle per year in northwest- use anthelmintics in the fall
o 2 cycles + per year gulf states
45
Fasciola hepatica Life Cycle
* Adult lays egg in bile ducts ->
* egg gets pooped out ->
* miracidium hatches and penetrates snail ->
* undergoes asexual amplification ->
* motile cercariae develop and leave snail ->
* metacercariae encyst on vegetation
46
Fasciola hepatica Acute Clinical Signs
* due to ingestion of large numbers of metacercariae over a short period of time
* Migration of immature flukes in parenchyma causes significant liver damage
* Sheep and goats are most sensitive
* Can see high mortality with heavy infections
* Can predispose animals to Clostridial infections
* Hemorrhagic, traumatic hepatitis
* Elevated serum liver enzymes
* fulminant liver failure
47
Fasciola hepatica Chronic Clinical Signs
* due to adult flukes in bile ducts when animals ingest more modest numbers over a longer period of time
* Often asymptomatic
* If clinical disease does develop- usually manifests in fall and winter
* Chronic poor doer
& decreased weight gains
* Poor milk production & reproductive success
* Anemia, bottle jaw, and elevated liver enzymes
48
Fasciola hepatica Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention
```
Diagnosis
• History
• Fecal sedimentation
• ELISA serum test in Europe
• Adult or larval flukes found on necropsy
• Bile duct fibrosis on necropsy
• fluke exhaust
```
Treatment
• Anthelmintics not effective against immature stages
• Clorsulon & albendazole (no use in dairy)
• Treat in fall for adults
• Maybe treat in spring
Prevention
• Fence off access to snail habitat
• Routine treatment to prevent eggs
49
Fascioloides magna Basics & Life Cycle
o Giant liver fluke of white tailed deer & elk
o Flukes develop into adults in cattle livers but eggs never find their way into the bile ducts
o Flukes do not fully mature in small ruminant livers
Life Cycle
• Adult lays egg in bile ducts ->
• egg gets pooped out ->
• miracidium hatches and penetrates snail ->
• undergoes asexual amplification ->
• motile cercariae develop and leave snail ->
• metacercariae encyst on vegetation
50
Fascioloides magna Pathology/Clinical Signs in Cows, Sheep, Goats
Cattle
• Adult flukes encapsulate in large cysts in liver parenchyma
• chronic liver disease
• No eggs in feces
Sheep & Goats
• Flukes never fully mature
• Immature flukes migrate aimlessly and cause massive liver damage
• One fluke can cause death
• Rapid onset anorexia, lethargy, depression
51
Fascioloides magna Diagnosis & Treatment
Diagnosis
• Elevated liver enzymes
• No eggs in feces for cows, sheeps, goats
• Fecal sedimentation for elk & deer
• Immature flukes in sheep/goat liver on necropsy
• Encapsulated adults in cow liver on necropsy
Treatment
• Difficult to treat
52
Dicroelium dendriticum
o “Lancet liver fluke” of ruminants
o common in NE
o Lives in bile ducts
o Small fluke produces small eggs
53
Paramphistomum
o Rumen fluke
o Non pathogenic
o Not common
54
T. solium Vs T. saginata
T. solium
• Hooks on scolex
• 5-10 lateral uterine branches
• From pork
T. saginata
• No hooks on scolex
• Highly branched uterus
• From beef
55
Moniezia Basics & Life Cycle
```
o Anoplocephalid tapeworm
o over 4 meters long
o Pasture mites serve as the reservoir
o Young ruminants have highest infections
o Concern for producers
```
```
Life Cycle
• Adult in small intestine ->
• proglottids and eggs in feces ->
• pasture mite ingests ->
• becomes cysticercoid ->
• mite ingested by ruminant
```
56
Moniezia Clin Signs, Diagnosis, Treatment
Clinical Signs
• Usually non-pathogenic
• Heavy infections in young = Ds
Diagnosis
• Proglottids in manure of live animals
• Fecal float- geometric square eggs
• Adults at necropsy
Treatment
• Fenbendazole
• Albendazole
57
Thysanosoma Basics & Life Cycle
o Adult in bile
o tapeworm in all ruminants except cattle
```
Life Cyle
• Proglottids in feces ->
• Eggs ingested by pasture lice ->
• Lice infected by cysticercoid ->
• Ruminant eats lice
```
58
Taenia Saginata Life Cycle, Clin Signs, Diagnosis
o Cysticercus is only stage in cows
```
Life Cycle
• Adult in human SI
->
• egg in human feces ->
• cow ingest egg off of ground ->
• cysticercus in beef muscle ->
• human
```
Clinical Signs
• Mostly non-pathogenic
• Occasional myocarditis
Diagnosis
• Meat inspection
59
Taenia hydatigena, ovis, multiceps
Taenia hydatigena
o Cysticerci in sheep viscera
Taenia ovis
o Cysticerci in sheep muscle
Taenia multiceps
o Coenurus in sheep brain
60
Echinococcus Life Cycle
* Egg from dog can infect humans and ruminants with larval hydatid cyst
* Dog consumes hydatid cyst to become infected with adult tapeworm
61
Eimeria Basics & Life Cycle
o Young animals most likely affected (cows < 6mo)
o Many animals are carriers
o Stress is an important factor in development or recrudescence of clinical coccidiosis
o Immunity develops and protects against disease > 1-2 years old
Life Cycle
• Ppp = 3wks
• Cow eats infective oocyst ->
• Asexual replication ->
• Sexual replication & production of oocyst ->
• Oocyst sporulates in environment to infective form
62
Eimeria Clinical Signs
• All result in economic losses
Acute
• often results in death
• Rapid onset diarrhea, dehydration
• Bloody Ds in cattle; not bloody in small ruminants
• CNS signs “nervous coccidiosis”- poorly understood, but tends to happen in cold regions
Subacute
• poor growth, some deaths
• Diarrhea
• Predispose to fly strike- mostly in sheep
Chronic
• constant low-level cycle in intestine
• Malabsorption, poor feed conversion
63
Eimeria Diagnosis Prevention Treatment
Diagnosis
• Diarrhea
• lots of oocysts in fecal flotation
• hemorrhagic enteritis on necropsy
```
Prevention
• Amprolium in feed or water
• Rigorous sanitation
• Separate animals w/ Ds
• Reduce stress
```
Treatment
• Amprolium
• Doesn’t work well
64
Eimeria macusaniensis Basics, Treatment, Management
o Camelid coccidiosis
o Low number of oocysts may accompany clinical disease
o Necrotizing and hemorrhagic enteritis
o Ds may precede oocyst appearance in feces
o Oocysts can be hard to float (needs high specific gravity flotation media
Treatment
• Amprolium, sulfadimethoxine
Management
• prevent overcrowding
65
Cryptosporidium parvum Basics, Zoonosis, Diagnosis
o Type of coccidian in young ruminants
o dairy/confinement operations as a cause of
neonatal scours
o Direct life cycle
o PPP is very short: 2-7 days
o Effective immunity generally develops following primary exposure
o No effective treatment
Zoonosis
• Ds in healthy people
• Severe clin dz & death in immunocompromised
• Immunity after infection
Diagnosis
• Fecal float
• Fecal PCR
66
Sarcocystis Basics, Life Cycle, Diagnosis, Control
o Protozoal infection of ruminants
o cysts develop in muscle cells
o Usually completely asymptomatic
o High level infections = ill-thrift, Weight loss, Hair loss around eyes and tail
Life Cycle
• Sexual rep and productionof oocysts in dogs, cats, humans
• Asexual rep in ruminants
Diagnosis
• Muscle biopsy
Control
• Don’t feed uncooked carcasses to dogs, cats
• Prevent access of dogs and cats to pasture and feed
67
Neospora caninum Basics & Life Cycle
o Toxoplasma like organism
o Dogs are definitive host
o Causes abortions in dairy cattle
Life Cycle
• Dog definitive host ->
• produces oocysts that contaminate ruminant feed/water ->
• Cattle tissue cysts ->
• Cattle can transmit transplacentally to calves ->
• Abortion OR persistent infection of calf
68
Neospora caninum Transmission, Diagnosis, Prevention
Transmission
• Ingestion of oocyst
• Transplacental infection
Diagnosis
• Serology shows exposure
• Must also look at histo lesions of aborted calves
Prevention
• Cull infected cows to avoid vertical transmission
• Do not feed carcass or placenta to dogs
69
Epidemic Vs Endemic Abortion Due to Neospora caninum
Epidemic
• Ingestion of contaminated food or water ->
• Abortion storm
Endemic
• Recrudescence of infection during pregnancy
• Mom is a persistently infected animal
70
Toxoplasma gondii Basics, Life Cycle, Diagnosis
o Cause of abortion in small ruminats
Life Cycle
• Cat definitive host ->
• produces oocysts that contaminate ruminant feed/water ->
• tissue cyst
Diagnosis
• Convalescent serum serology w/ four fold increase in IgG is diagnostic
• Histo of fetal tissue
71
Tritrichomonas foetus “Trich”; Baiscs, Life Cycle, Transmission
o Flagellated protozoan in reproductive organs of cattle
o Reduces reproductive success, Early embryonic death, Metritis in cows
Life Cycle
• Simple
• 1 trophozoite divides to 2 trophozoites
Transmission
• Bull is the source and carrier
• located in preputial folds
• Bulls > 4 years most likely to have infection
• Transfers from cow to cow by bull
• Cows typically have transient infections
• Immunity is not complete
72
Tritrichomonas foetus “Trich”; Pathology & Clinical Signs
• Usually mild
Cow
• Vaginitis, metritis, pyometra
• Abortion first trimester
Bull
• None
```
Herd
• High numbers of repeat breeders
• Increases in nonpregnant and late-bred cows
• Decreased calving rates
• Increases in fetal death rates
```
73
Tritrichomonas foetus “Trich”; Diagnosis, Prevention, Control
Diagnosis
• Definitive – find organism in bull by PCR of preputial scraping of bull
• Requires clinician performing the sampling to be trained, certified, and registered with WSDA
• Very specific protocols for collecting and submitting samples
• PCR is the standard in WA
• Highly regulated transport between states
Prevention & Control
• Rigid culling of infected bulls
• Replace with young, virgin bulls
• Replace after 90 days of sexual rest to allow cows to clear infection
• Use AI for breeding with good biosecurity protocols
• No treatments for bulls
• Vx can decrease shedding rates
74
Trypanosoma
o Flagellated protozoans transmitted by biting flies
| o Nonpathogenic trypanosomes in cattle, sheep, and deer in the US
75
Giardia (in ruminants); Basics, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention
o Common commensal, occasional parasite
o Most commonly isolated from dairy calves 1-3 mo old
o Calves w/ chronic diarrhea that does not respond to antibiotics, electrolytes, or anti-coccidials
Diagnosis
• Fecal float w/ cysts
• Fecal smear for protozoa
Treatment
• No drug licensed for treatment in ruminats
• Fenbendazole
• Albendazole
Prevention
• Clean and dry areas thoroughly
76
Babesia bigemina Basics & Clinical SIgns
o Bovine babesiosis or Texas fever
o Infects erythrocytes of adult cattle
o Rhiphicephalus sp. (one host) ticks are vectors
o Eradicated from the US & REPORTABLE
```
Clinical Signs
• High-grade fever
• Anemia
• Icterus
• Hemoglobinuria
• Cerebral babesiosis
• Death can occur rapidly
• Calves are not susceptible to disease
```
77
Babesia bigemina Diagnosis, Control, Treatment
Diagnosis
• Blood smear for pyriform in RBCs
Control
• Surveillance of imported cattle
Treatment
• Only used in endemic countries
• Diminazene
• Imidocarb
78
Theileria parva Basics, Clinical Signs, Control
o East Coast Fever
o Infects cattle lymphocytes and erythrocytes
o Africa and the Southern mediterranean
Clinical signs
• Up to 100% mortality in susceptible cattle
• Pulmonary edema and respiratory failure
• Profound lymphadenomegaly
Control
• tick control
• Live vaccine with concurrent oxytetracycline treatment
• Can treat clinical cases with oxytetracycline early
