Final Exam

Question 1

Population sample

Answer 1

Entire population is used in the research

Question 2

Sample of subset of population

Answer 2

A smaller amount of the population that is representative of the population as a whole

Question 3

Sampling frame

Answer 3

Samples chosen from a specific source like a university

Question 4

Census

Answer 4

A systemic collection of data from all members of a population

Question 5

Probability sample

Answer 5

A randomly selected sample of the population

Question 6

Non-probability sample

Answer 6

A sample that isnt selected randomly

Question 7

Representative sample

Answer 7

A sample that accurately reflects the population

Question 8

Facts

Answer 8

Observations about the world around us (the sky is blue today)

Question 9

Hypothesis

Answer 9

A proposed explanation for a phenomenon. A starting point for further investigation and testing.

Question 10

Theory

Answer 10

A well-substantiated explanation made through repeated testing, and has passed all tests and experiments

Question 11

Law

Answer 11

A statement based on repeated experimental observations that describes some phenomenon of nature

Question 12

Unstructured interview

Answer 12

The researcher has a brief set of topics they’ll cover

Question 13

Semi-structured interview

Answer 13

The researcher uses an interview guide with a list of topics and questions

Question 14

Ethnography

Answer 14

Includes participant observation, immersion in a social setting, field notes, long periods of time

Question 15

Overt role

Answer 15

When the people you’re observing know you’re conducting research

Question 16

Covert role

Answer 16

When you’re doing undercover research

Question 17

Open setting

Answer 17

The researcher has open access to social settings. Like in public areas

Question 18

Closed setting

Answer 18

The researcher does not have free access, no public access, like researching a gang

Question 19

Grounded theory

Answer 19

The theory is created as the research is conducted and info and data are collected. “Grounded” in observations and data

Question 20

Normal distribution

Answer 20

A bell shaped curve of a probability sample. If the sample is large enough, it should be around 95% accurate. With one side of popularion -1.95 and other side +1.95 away from the population mean

Question 21

Nominal variable

Answer 21

Categorical variable - where they have no relationship to each other like belonging to a religion

Question 22

Ordinal variable

Answer 22

The different variables are rank-ordered, great than > and less than

Question 23

Interval ratio

Answer 23

The distance between the variables is the same (like minutes as a marker for time spent doing cardio)

Question 24

Experimental designs need…

Answer 24

Validity, reliability, and replicability

Question 25

Experimental designs need an environment that js

Answer 25

Controlled, to control for all confounding variables

Question 26

Problems in experimental designs…

Answer 26

Confounding variables: history, maturation, testing, and losing participants over time

Question 27

External validity

Answer 27

When confounding variables are controlled for

Question 28

Hawthorne effect

Answer 28

When people know they’re being experimented on, it changes the way they behave thus the outcome

Question 29

Quasi-experimental design

Answer 29

Includes non-random assignment to groups

Question 30

Ex-post facto design

Answer 30

Useful to test circumstances that have already occurred, that they are unable to test (like child abuse)

Question 31

Mixed-methods research

Answer 31

Uses triangulation, where one method is used to test the findings of the other

Question 32

Grounded theory

Answer 32

When the theory is built as the research is conducted

Question 33

Disadvantages of covert roles

Answer 33

Although it might be easier to gain access to closed settings, doing research without free prior informed consent can be an ethical issue. Research ethics board needs to approve of your covert role

Question 34

Interview advantages

Answer 34

Less intrusive than ethnography. Might get info that ethnography missed. Interviewees can retell events that happened. Can be more focused on certain aspects rhat ethnkgeaoher mjssed

Question 35

Ethnography advantages

Answer 35

Complete immersion in a social setting can allow the researcher to pick up on many aspects, that interviews may miss. The social setting will have a context from being in it all the time

Question 36

Grounded theory

Answer 36

Uses inductive reasoning. “Grounded” in observations and data

Question 37

Structured observation

Answer 37

Formulate explicit rules outlining what behaviours they might observe and how they will record (and code) them

Question 38

Quantitative sampling

Answer 38

When the proper sampling technique is used, it can vastly improve validity, as well as improve time and resources needed to complete the research withojut comprosimign tbr findjng

Question 39

Three sources of bias

Answer 39

Not using random selectjon. If it excludes some cases, then its not representative. Or some people refuse to participate or cant be contacted

Question 40

Problems w structured interviews

Answer 40

Respondents consistently agree or disagree. Some people lie about their answer to please the interviewer. Prompting suggestions to the interviewee. The way the questions are ordered influence the answer

Question 41

Probability

Answer 41

Ranges from 0 to 1, wjth 1 being 100% certainty.

Question 42

Bivariate hypothesis testing

Answer 42

Used to answer the causal question “are X and Y related?” Bivariate means “two variables” - doesnt help control for confounding variables.

Question 43

P-value

Answer 43

Aka probability value thag ranges from 0 to 1. Rates the probability that we would see the observed relationship between 2 variables in our sample data if there were truly no relatjonship between them

Question 44

Null-hypothesis

Answer 44

What wr wojld observe if our hypothesis is incorrect.

Question 45

Simpsons paradox

Answer 45

Most statistical percentages have a different story behind then that is nkt being tokd. Hides a conditional variable aka lurking variable