Final exam Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 4 major basins?
A
Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, and Arctic bish
I P A A
2
Q
Where did life first evolve?
A
In the ocean
3
Q
What is the Miller-Uray experiment?
A
Some dude formed organic molecules in a tube to prove something about the early atmosphere.
No oxygen (no photosynthesis) in the atmosphere - 4bya(billion years ago)
4
Q
What were the first cells?
A
anaerobic bacteria (without air)
5
Q
What helps you find your way around the sea?
A
Charts (ocean maps)
Compass
Reference lines: Longitude and latitude
6
Q
In latitude what does 1 degree equal in minutes?
A
60 minutes
7
Q
how much is a nauticle mile in km?
A
1.85km
8
Q
if 1 nautical mile is 1.85km how many is 1 land mile?
A
1.15 land mile
9
Q
degree of the equator?
A
0 degrees latitude
10
Q
location of 90 degrees N latitude
A
geographic north pole
11
Q
location of 90 degrees S latitude
A
south pole
12
Q
longitude of Greenwich Meridian
A
0 degrees longitude
13
Q
International dateline
A
180 degrees W longitude = 180 degrees E longitude
14
Q
who is 3/4 water by mass
A
Marine Organisms
15
Q
2/3 water by mass
A
Terrestrial organisms
16
Q
Solvent of Polar substances
A
dissolves salt but not non-polar substances like oil
17
Q
Polar
A
posses positive and negative charge
18
Q
Specific Heat
A
the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one Celsius degree
19
Q
ocean heats and cool slowly due to?
A
Specific heat (thermal capacity)
20
Q
what is the oceans pH level?
A
ocean has a pH of 8 and is slightly alkaline
21
Q
what is pH?
A
pH is the measure of acidity or basicity of liquid solutions
22
Q
Nuetral with a pH of 7
A
Pure fresh water
23
Q
pH of unpolluted rain
A
pH of 5.6 and is slightly acidic
24
Q
what is the pH of Acid rain
A
has a pH of below 5.6
25
Nature between water and light
much of the light is reflected into the atmosphere
different wavelength (colour) of light penetrate through at different depths
26
why does the salinity of surface water vary?
the salinity of surface water varies as a result of Evaporations, Precipitation, Freezing, Thawing, and fresh water run off from land
27
what is the salinity of Sea water?
3.5% salt (NaCl a.o), 96.5% water
28
how is salinity expressed?
through PPT ( parts per thousand) or as gram per Kg of water
29
Fresh water ppt
0-0.5 ppt salinity
30
Brackish water salinity
0.5-30 ppt
31
Saline water salinity
30-50 ppt
32
salinity of briny water
50 or above ppt (parts per thousand)
33
How is Density measured?
also what is it
the mass of a substance in a given volume
| measured in g/cm3
34
what is the density of pure water
1g/cm3
35
1.0270g/cm3
the density of salt water
36
what is denser (heavier) saltier water or fresh water
salt water is denser then fresh water
37
cold water is denser than?
warm water
38
where is the densest water found
near ocean bottom
39
ocean layers are separated by
Thermocline, Halocline, and Pycnocline
40
Thermocline
temperature drops rapidly with depth
41
Halocline
salinity increases rapidly with depth
42
Pycnocline
density increases rapidly with depth
43
Ocean mixing in the summer
warmer layer on top, thermocline in the middle and cold denser water underneath
seasonal thermoclines
44
Ocean mixing in the fall
water column unstable
surface water cools and displaces less dense water
45
ocean mixing in winter
storms drive surface water deeper
brings nutrients up and oxygen down with vertical mixing
46
spring ocean mixing
water column stabilizes
surface water warms, thermocline between warm surface water and colder denser water
47
what are tides?
periodic changes in water level along coastlines
48
tidal ranges
diurnal, semi diurnal, mixed semi diurnal
49
Diurnal tide
one high and one low tide
50
semi diurnal tide
2 high and 2 low tides of similar to equal size
51
Mixed semi diurnal
2 high and 2 low tides of different heights
52
NEAP tides
happen when sun and moon are at right angles to eachother
happen twice monthly
produces moderate tides
53
Spring tide
twice monthly
creates more significant high tides and lower low tides than average
happens when sun moon and earth are in alignment
54
list major threats to the oceans
pollution, overfishing, fishing damage, seafood farming, invasive species, sea floor damage, climate change and coastal development
55
direct marine pollution
ocean dumping
56
indirect marine pollution
through land and air
57
threats of agriculture land
herbicide, pesticide and fertilizer runoff washed by rain and snow melt
58
threats from metropolitan area (damages)
```
organic waste: garbage, animal droppings
Nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizers
zinc from aging pipes
used motor oil
antifreeze
automotive additives
runoff from storm drains
```
59
threats from factory and from precipitation
PCBs, lead and sulfur
| mercury, lead, zinc, Cadmium
60
effects of pollution
can injure or kill marine life
interfere with reproduction and productivity
trigger toxic algae blooms
produce long term effects on marine life
61
causes on organisms from pollution
```
mutilation
suffocation
starvation
drowning
distress
pain
```
62
how much plastic waste enters the ocean each year
one million tons
63
in coastal clean ups what was the average of trash found along the shoreline and what percentage was plastic
50kg of trash per km
| 60% was plastic
64
what can last up to 450 years
1 six pack ring plastic thingy
65
how many plastic bags are used yearly
0.5- 1 trillion plastic bags
| most end up in the ocean
66
what is the Great Pacific Garbage Patch
a gyre of marine litter located in the North Pacific ocean
| also known as pacific trash vortex
67
what does the Great Pacific Garbage patch consist of
mass of plastic debris found in upper water column area (significantly higher than the average)
suspended particles in upper water column
plastic breaks down into even smaller polymers
68
toxins that can be found within food chain
```
POPs, DDT, PCBs
heavy metals (mercury, lead, zinc and chromium)
```
69
Biological magnification aka Biomagnification aka bioamplification
concentration of toxins in the tissue of an animal as the toxins get passed up the food chain without being broken down or excreted
Biomagnification is the accumulation of a chemical by an organism from water and food exposure that results in a concentration that is greater than would have resulted from water exposure only and thus greater than expected from equilibrium.
70
how are sea birds effected by DDT
when they eat fish with high levels of DDT they lay thin-shelled eggs which break during incubation
71
what can be inhibited by toxic compounds
what can toxic compounds fuck up?
photosynthesis
| growth and cell division
72
what does POP stand for?
Persistent Organic Pollutant
73
List the animals with the least POPs to most POPs eaten through the food chain
(Persistent Organic Pollutant)
plankton - herring - salmon - resident killer whales
Plankton - herring - salmon - seal - transient killer whales
POPs move up the food chain?
74
what level of ppm is considered toxic waste
a level above 50 ppm by canadian guidlines
75
Toxic waste
chemical waste material capable of causing death or injury to life
76
Sources of nutrient pollution
human and animal waste
| fertilizers
77
what is eutrophication and what does it lead to
and increase in the amount of dissolved nutrients in water
leads to: algal blooms, hypoxia, anoxia
and fish death
78
what is hypoxia
low oxygenated areas
79
what is anoxia
no oxygen within area
80
within these nutrient pollutions (human and animal shit) what can be found
pharmaceuticals
pathogens
hormones
coliform bacteria
81
why can petroleum pollution be so damaging
they are persistent
difficult for microbes to degrade
toxic to organisms
82
Exxon Valdez
1989: 240,000 barrels into prince william sound, Alaska
| oil spill
83
Deep water horizon aka ( Macondo blow-out)
2010 : 4.9 million barrels into Gluf of Mexico
84
effects of oil spills on birds and mammals
toxic affects through ingestion
heavy coating of oil prevents birds from flying and swimming
can cause otters to die of hypothermia by destroying ability to insulate with fur
clog ears and nostrils and irritate eyes
85
effects of oil spill on invertebrates and algae
smother and toxic effects
86
community effects of oil spills
decreases species diversity
simplifies food web
disproportionate increase in population of resident species (predator pray. one thing dies the other grows in numbers)
87
ways to clean up oil spill
oil booms and oil skimmers help confine spill
straw is used to soak up oil
oil digesting bacteria
bacterium genetically engineered to degrade crude oil ( currently being tested)
88
from 2000 to 2100 what is the highest estimated temperature raise/difference
nearly 5 degrees
89
Canadian Center for Climate Modelling and Analysis estimates how much of a temperature difference by 2100
4 degrees
90
what could the changes in water temperature do to specific organisms
```
could affect timing of spawning
metabolism
larval survival
growth rate
shift species distribution toward poles:
increase competition for native species
increased predation of native species
decrease oxygen levels
```
91
warm water dissolves more or less oxygen
less
92
effects of global warming
```
coral bleaching
sea level rise from melting glaciers
changes in wind and rain: increase in El Nino conditions
change ocean currents
ocean acidification
```
93
Ocean acidification
reduction in the pH of the ocean over an extended period of time, caused primarily by uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere
94
what species may ocean acidifications negatively effects calcification
```
coccolithophores
corals
foraminifera
echinoderms
crustaceans
mollusks
```
95
how much of CO2 in the atmosphere ends up in the ocean
25%
96
H2O + CO2 = H2CO3
Carbonic acid
cellular resperation formula
ocean acidification
97
Nonnative species
alien, exotic, introduced
species that do not naturally occur in a given geographical location may become invasive
98
common ways new species/invasive are introduced
introduces by ships ballast water, aquaculture, accidental introduction
99
ballast water
fresh or saltwater held in the ballast tanks and cargo holds of ships
provide stability and maneuverability during a voyage when ships are not carrying cargo, not carrying heavy enough cargo, or when more stability is required due to rough seas.
100
community changes caused by introduced species
can alter ecosystem structure and function
considered one of the largest threats to biodiversity because of their negative impacts sometimes leading to extinction
101
define: global biodiversity
the measure of biodiversity on planet Earth and is defined as the total variability of life forms
102
habitat loss by coastal development and what wet lands provide
wetlands provide nutrients, spawning and shelter grounds for many marine organisms
they have been drained, filled or dredged, to provide ground for industry, beachfront Realestate and ports and harbours
103
habitat loss by coastal development in beaches
disturbs nesting sight of birds, sea turtles and horse shoe crabs
beach erosion interferes with longshore currents and longshore transport process
104
longshore currents
generated by waves that break
at an angle to the beach, moving parallel to the
beach
105
longshore transport process
transport of
| sediments by longshore currents
106
fish stocks have collapsed by what %
30%, fish stocks will be collapsed by 2050
107
what is the reason for catch/unit effort decline
stock decline and because fishing has become less efficient
108
catch/unit effort
an indirect measure of the abundance of a target species. Changes in the catch per unit effort signify changes to the target species' true abundance
Measuring how many fish you will catch compared to how much effort it takes to catch them and its not efficient anymore cause fish are ded
109
types of fishing vessles
purse seiner
gillnetter
troller
110
damages of trawling
produce large bycatch
| and destroys benthic habitat
111
What damages do drift nets do
produce large by catch
| and lost nets/ ghost fish
112
effects of over fishing
(catch exceeds replacement)
changes in genetic diversity
change/loss in species diversity
113
genetic drift
can cause traits to be dominant or disappear from a population
114
how does over fishing change genetic diversity
harvesting larger specimens: leads to selective pressure for smaller animals
harvesting early in reproductive cycle: creates selective pressure for fast maturation
surviving individules no longer represent full genetic variability (genetic drift) which can lead to extinction
115
extirpated
locally extinct , species can not fulfill ecological function
potentially impacts ecosystem diversity
116
problems with commercial fishing
wasteful and destructive practices
in efficient use of catch (dolphins or shark finning)
incidental catch (bycatch)
habitat destruction
use of catch less efficient as more is used for
fish-meal products to feed livestock
117
fish-meal
commercial product made from whole wild-caught fish, bycatch and fish by-products to feed farm animals
118
trophic levels
the position it occupies in a food web
119
why is fish meal an inefficient way to feed livestock?
10% rule of ecology
```
feeding livestock
with commercial
fish adds trophic
levels and is very
inefficient!
```
120
Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ)
coastal nations control fishing within 200 miles
an area of coastal water and seabed within a certain distance of a country's coastline, to which the country claims exclusive rights for fishing, drilling, and other economic activities
121
Tragedy of the commons
a situation in which individuals with access to a shared resource (also called a common) act in their own interest and, in doing so, ultimately deplete the resource
122
Problems with aquaculture
Destruction of mangrove ecosystems for shrimp farms
Over-exploitation of feed fish for shrimp and salmon
aquaculture
Antibiotics, pesticides, excess nutrients
pollution of coastal waters
Transfer of disease (viral/bacterial)and parasites to wild stocks
123
how to control over fishing
new fisheries of something like krill or fish lower on the food chain
124
characteristics of Intertidal zones
periodically submerged and exposed
high O2 and nutrient levels
algae and sea grasses
animals with attachment and burrowing adaptions
125
Zonation
species composition and density change
low, mid and upper intertidal areas
=Habitats (intertidal zone, rocky shore zone, upper intertidal (splash zone) ect,)
126
Tidal zones
Supralittoral zone
intertidal zone
subtidal zone
127
whats found in upper intertidal
lichens and periwinkles
128
whats found in Middle intertidal
barnacles, rockweed, mussles
129
lower intertidal
Laminaria Kelp
130
what are Tide pools
depression on rocky intertidal shores that remain submerged when tide ebbs
131
characteristics of Estuaries
```
transition area river/sea
water column stratified
salinity varies
high in nutrient
very productive
salt marsh grasses/algae and phytoplankton
```
132
breeding ground for invertebrates and fishes
Estuaries
133
significant threats to estuaries
filling, pollution, dredging
134
where do you find coral reefs
mostly tropical, calm, clear, oxygen rich water
135
characteristics of coral reefs
zooxanthellae, red and green algae
high diversity: cnidarians, mollusks, echinoderms, arthropod fishes
calcium carbonate skeleton
136
threats to coral reefs
overcollecting, overfishing, climate change, coastal development
137
characteristics Marine benthic zone
seafloor community, mostly aphotic and soft sediment
has photosynthesizers and chemo-autotrophs
detritus
inverts and fishes
138
threats to marine benthic zone
overfishing and waste dumping. Dredging
139
characteristics of open pelagic zone
```
70% of earths surface
average depth 4,000m
clear water
low nutriens
50% global photosynthesis
place of zooplankton, jellies, fishes, turtles, marine mammals
```
140
open pelagic zone threats
overfishing and pollution. ghost fishing (ghost nets)
141
chemo autotrophs
organisms that obtain their energy from a chemical reaction
Autotrophs -make their own energy
142
characteristics of sandy shore
most of life is underground
143
what is the EXTINCTION VORTEX OF SMALL POPULATIONS.
Starts with genetic drift --> inbreeding occurs --> loss of genetic variation in genepool --> lower survival changes & low rate of adapting to environment --> lower reproduction --> high mortality --> population gets even smaller.
(usually this starts occurring around 500)
