Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
To initate cell expansion, P must be greater than ______ based on the Lockhart model
A
Y
2
Q
The relative rate of cell expansion of an expanding cell mostly depends on ____ based on the Lockhart model
A
P and M
3
Q
The relative rate of cell expansion of an expanding cell mostly depends on ____ at a given turgor pressure based on the the Lockhart Model
A
m
4
Q
Cells elongate faster at more acidic conditions is possible due to _____
A
Greateer activity of expansion
5
Q
IAA treatment causes a ____
A
A decrease in pH
6
Q
IAA treatment causes ______
A
An increase in coleoptile cell elongation
7
Q
Stimulated cell elongation by IAA is associated with a decrease in pH
A
True
8
Q
In phototropism, auxin promotes ____
A
Cell elongation in the shaded side
9
Q
Polar transport of auxin in stem include the following
A
Directional Movement
Movement from apical to basal
Requirement of Transporters
10
Q
The organ that is the most sensitive to auxin is _____
A
Roots
11
Q
The organ that shows the greatest growth promotion to auxin is _____
A
Buds
12
Q
The number in the figure indicates the concentration of IAA. Predicate which treatment will result in bending?
A
B and C
13
Q
The most effective light inducing phototropism is ______ light
A
Blue
14
Q
GAs play roles in
A
Seed Germination
Stem Elongation
Increasing Fruit
Forming Seedless Grapes
15
Q
In a generalized signaling pathway, GA can be considered as a ligand. It needs to bind to the ____ first to trigger the signaling cascade
A
Receptor
16
Q
Both GA and IAA stimulate
A
Stem Elongation
17
Q
Function of Cytokinin
A
Cell Elongation
Senescence
Cell Divison
18
Q
In tissue culture, a high ratio of Cytokinin and IAA enhcances
A
Shoot formation
19
Q
Function of Cytokinin
A
Enhance cell division
Promote shoot formation in tissue culture
Delay leaf yellowing
20
Q
For auxin and cytokinin long distance transport through the plant,
A
Cytokinin through xylem and auxin through cells
21
Q
In order to induce the root formation in tissue culture, one usually uses
A
A high ratio of IAA to cytokinin
22
Q
Among the phytohormones studied, what hormone is also importnat for seed germination, besides ABA
A
GA
23
Q
Considering their function in seed germination, GA and ABA act
A
Antagonistically
24
Q
Functions of ABA
A
Inhibition of Seed Germination
Abscission of Leaves
Maintaining Winter Bud Dormancy
25
What is the triple response of an Arabidopsis Seedling to ethylene?
Inhibits stem cell elongation
Enhances radial cell expansion
Delaying hook openings
26
Based on the ethylene response signlaing pathway, a null mutation of CTR will result in _____ in Arabidopsis seedlings
A triple response
27
Many unique features of water is due to
Hydrogen bonding amond water molecules
28
Predict the water movement
Water moves **into** the cell
29
Predic the water movement
Water moves **out** of the cell
30
Predict the water movement
Water moves in and out the cell in equilibrium
31
Predict the water movement
Can't be determined
32
Micronutrients are the minerals that plant only need a small amount and are not essential to plants
False
33
The nutrient is a component of amino acids, nucleic acids, chlorophyll and hormones. The deficiency of the nutrient usually results in chlorosis to light brown in leaves. Under extreme deficiency, older leaves my drop
Nitrogen
34
The nutrient is required for pectate or pectin formation in cell walls, stabilizing cell membrane. The deficiency of the nutrient results in meristems and young leaves necrotic. Roots becomes 'slippery'
Calcium
35
Main products of PSII reaction
O2 and H+
36
Main substrate of PSII reaction
H2O
37
PSII is called because its contains two chlorophyll molecules
False
38
Main products of PSI reaction
NADPH
39
Chlorophyll in the center of PSI has the maximum absorbance at \_\_\_\_
700 nm
40
Compared to a chloroplast in the dark, pH in the thylakoid lumen of an actively photosynthetic chloroplast is
More acidic
41
ATP is synthesized during light reaction using
H+ Gradient
42
Main product of cyclic phosphorylation
ATP
43
Main products of light reaction
NADPH
O2
ATP
44
Main product of Calvin Cycle
Glucose
45
Calvin Cycle occurs
In stroma
46
In actively photosythetic chloroplasts, the glucose synthesized during Calvin Cycle is temporarily stored as starch. Where do you find those starch particles
In stroma
47
Major photosynthates in transported in phloem
Sucrose
48
Sap movement in phloem
Bulk flow due to a pressure gradient
49
Phloem loading uses the symplastic pathway what means \_\_\_\_\_
Sugars move from cells to phloem through the plasmodesmada
50
Phloem loading also uses the apoplastic pathway what means
Sugars move from cells to phloem through cell walls
Sugars move from cells to phloem through the intercellular space
51
Photosynthetic leaves can be a source or a sink
True
52
Nodulations starts with
Signal recognition and communication
53
Flavonoids are the signaling molecules released by \_\_\_\_
Roots
54
Leghemoglobins are synthesized by
Plant Cells
55
Side product of nitrogenase activies produces
H2
56
In symbiotic nitrogen fixation, plants provides bacteria with
Carbohydrate
57
There is almost no need to supply nitrogen fertilizer to corn grown in the field that had soybean in the previous season. This is because of \_\_\_\_\_
Nodules left behind from soybeans plants contains lots of nitrogen
58
Whats the major form of nitrogen that plant roots take up from the soil
NO3-
59
Nitrite reduction occurs in
Chloroplasts in leaf cells
60
What is the first step to trigger a communication between a non-host plant with a rhizobium
Engineer plants to secrete a specific flavonoid
61
3 phases in TCA cycle
Condensation
Oxidation
Regeneration
62
3 phases in Calvin Cycle
Fixation
Reduction
Regeneration
63
Products of the TCA Cycle
FADH
NADH
ATP
CO2
64
Both photosynthesis (light reaction) and respiration produce ATP
True
65
ATP synthesis in chloroplasts and mitochondra depends on the proton accumulation in the space between inner and outer membrane of the double membrane structure
False
66
Both photosynthesis (light reaction) and respiration produce NADPH
False
67
ATP production in mitochondria is called
Oxidative phosphorylation
68
ATP production in chloroplasts includes
Photophosphorylation
Non-cyclic photophosphorylation
69
Flower primordia are derived from
SAM
70
In a pollen tube,
There are **one tube nucleus** and **two sperm nuclei**
71
Double Fertilization means
The egg cell is fertilizer by **one sperm** nucleus and **two polar** nuceli are fertilized by the other sperm nucleus
72
You identified a mutatn that grows bigger than wild type plants. What process can be affected by the mutation?
Cell Division Only
Cell Expansion Only
Both Cell Division and Expansion
73
Drought stress stuns plant growth. What process can be affected by drought?
Cell Division
Cell Expansion
74
Cell shape or direction of a cell expansion mainly depends on \_\_\_\_
Orientation of cellulosic fibril
75
C4 plants show higher water use efficiency and are more drough tolerant due to its C4 pathway and Kranz anatomy compared to C3 plants. This is an example of \_\_\_\_
Adaptation
76
Many desert plants close stomates during the day and open stomates in the evening. This is an example of \_\_\_\_\_
Adaptation
77
When corn plants are experiencing low temperatures, they accumulate more unsaturated fatty acid in the membrane. This is an example of \_\_\_\_\_
Acclimation
78
Under drought stress conditions, the root/shoot ratio is greatly increased. This is an example of \_\_\_\_
Acclimation
79
Some marsh plants are salt tolerant and have glands on leaf surface to excrete salt. This is an example of \_\_\_\_
Adaptation
80
Acclimation
Reflects the ability of plants adjust to the stress in timely fashion, resulting in **stress resistance** or **stress tolerance**
81
Nonheritable
Capacity of a plant to acclimate is, of course a genetic trait. However the specific changes brought about in resposne to stress are not themselves passed on to the next generation
82
Adaptation
**heritable** modifications in structure or function that increase the fitness of the organism in a stressful environment
83
Natural Selection
The plant adaptation to the enviornemnt takes place over a much longer time scale than acclimation
Since adoption is a consequence
84
In phototropism, auxin promotes \_\_\_\_\_
Cell Elongation in the Shaded side
85
Osmotic Adjustment
Maintenance of water on cells
86
Osmotic Ajustment
Major Osmotica
Accumulation of osmotica in vacuoles
- Inorganic Salts
- Organic Salts
87
Second Messenger
A mobile signaling molecule that is formed or released inside the cell in response to the binding of a first messenger - e.g. a hormone or othe ligand - to a receptor or the activation of a receptor by an enviornmental signal
**Function** → relay information from the primary receptor to the biochemical machinary inside the cell
88
Cytokinins
A plant hormone primarily respnsible for regulating cell division and delayed senscenece, amond other effects
89
Major Function of Cytokinins
Promote the synthesis or activation of cytokinesis proteins
90
Abscisic acid (ABA)
A plant hormone primarily involved in regulating seed development and stomatal closure at times of water stress
91
Tropism
A differential growth response that is related to the **direction** of the **stimulus**
92
Nastic Movement
A plant movement that is **not** obviously related to any vector in the stimulus
93
Florigen
A hypothetical flower-promoting hormone
94
Short Day
Long Night \> 8hrs
95
Long Day
Short Night \< 8 hrs
96
Phototropism
Differential growth of a plant within a light gradient
(Towards or away from a light source)
97
Gravitropism
A differential growth response to gravity
98
The integrators of flowering pathways are \_\_\_\_
SOC1, FT
99
What is the consequence of FLC activation or having more FLC protein
Delay flowering
100
After vernalization, the expression level of FLC will
Decrease
101
After spraying plants with GA, the expression level of FLC will \_\_\_\_
Remain the same
102
After vernalization, the expression level of SOC1 will \_\_\_\_
Increase
103
After vernalization, the expresion level of FT will
Increase
104
This is a ____ flowering plant
Short Day
105
Which organ is sensing the day lenth for flowering?
Leaf
106
Short day (SD) plants will flower when the day length is shorter than 12 hours
False
107
Long day (LD) plants will flower when the day length is longer than 12 hours
False
108
Florigen is a \_\_\_\_
Protein
109
If a long day plant is moved to the short-day conditions, you will expect the level of CO \_\_\_\_
Decrease
110
If a short day plant is moved to the long day conditions, you will expect the level of CO \_\_\_\_
Decrease
111
FT is a \_\_\_\_\_\_
Protein and Florigen
112
FT is transported through \_\_\_\_\_\_
Phloem
113
In ABC model, a mutation in _____ gene leads to this phenotype showing below
Petaloid Stamens
114
In ABC model, a mutation in ____ gene leads to this phenotype
Carpeloid Sepals
115
In ABC model, a mutation in ____ gene leads to this phenotype
Sepaloid petals
116
ABA - Induced Stomatal Closure
