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Neurology Final Exam > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

3 types of sensation

A

Exteroceptors
Proprioceptors
Interoceptors

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2
Q

Examples of exteroceptors

A

Sight
Smell
Sound
Skin

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3
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Muscles
Joints
Inner ear

Movement
Vibration
Position, pain, equilibrium

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4
Q

Examples of interoceptors

A

Visceral pain & pressure

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5
Q

The 5 senses include

A 
Visual 
Gustatory 
Auditory 
Olfactory 
Somesthetic (touch & proprioception)
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6
Q

Agnosias is

A

sensory disorders > inability to recognize & interpret a sensory stimulus

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7
Q

Types of agnosias

A

Visual agnosia
Auditory agnosia
Tactile agnosia

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8
Q

Components of sensory system

A
  1. Sensory organ
  2. Nerve, nuclei, ganglia & tracts
  3. Cerebral cortex
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9
Q

Sense organs include

A

Ears, eyes, touch receptors, olfactory bulbs, taste buds

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10
Q

Nerves, nuclei, ganglia & tracts

A

1st order sensory neurons
2nd order sensory neurons
3rd order sensory neurons

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11
Q

Facts about 1st order sensory neurons

A

Innervate the sense organ, in PNS, ipsilateral

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12
Q

Facts about 2nd order sensory neurons

A

Projection neurons, located in brain stem or spinal cord, point of decussation, to thalamus

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13
Q

Facts about 3rd order sensory neurons

A

project to cerebral cortex from thalamus, ipsilateral, to primary sensory cortex

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14
Q

Cerebral cortex includes both ….. &

A

Primary cortex and association cortex

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15
Q

Primary cortex includes

A 
Primary motor cortex 
Primary visual  cortex 
Primary auditory cortex 
Primary somatosensory cortex 
Primary olfactory
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16
Q

Association cortex includes

A

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Parieto-occipital

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17
Q

1st order of the visual system (the eye)

A

Light > retina > rods & cones convert to chemical response

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18
Q

2nd order of the visual system (the optic nerve)

A

Half of retina crosses midline @ optic chiasm and half remains ipsilateral

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19
Q

3rd order of the visual system

A

Lateral geniculate body in the thalamus

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20
Q

Visual field deficits

A 
Monocular blindness
Tunnel vision 
Homonymous hemianopsia 
Cortical blindness 
Visual agnosia
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21
Q

Pyramidal tract controls

A

motor movement of the muscles for speech and most other volitional motor movement

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22
Q

Pyramidal tract is made up of

Study These Flashcards
A

motor neurons of the primary motor cortex and their axons

23
Q

Pyramidal tract is …… activation pathway

24
Q

Pyramidal tract consists of

Study These Flashcards
A

corticospinal tract
Corticobulbar tract
Corticopontine tract

25
Corticospinal tract
- Descending tract - 85%-90% decussate - 10-15% continue ipsilaterally
26
Corticobulbar tract
Descending tract Cortex to the medulla Made up of axons terminating in the brainstem, where they synapse with cranial nerves -Bilateral innervation to most of the muscles for speech
27
UMN is a part of
CNS
28
UMNs are contained within ….
the brain, brainstem, and spinal cord
29
UMN damage
spasticity Hypertonia Hyperreflexia
30
LMN is ,…. order neurons
second
31
All LMN are either …. or
spinal nerves or cranial nerves
32
Cell bodies located in …….
the brain stem
33
Axons of LMN terminate in
skeletal muscles
34
LMN damage
poor transmission of neural impulses ``` Hypotonia Hyporeflexiq Flacidity Atrophy Denervation ```
35
Extrapyramidal tract is
the motor tract that conveys motor info from the brain down the spinal cord
36
Extrapyramidal tract does not ……
initiate movement, but makes adjustments to muscle tone and posture to maintain a stable base for volitional movement
37
Extrapyramidal tract originates in
the subcortical nuclei and basal ganglia - subthalamic nucleus - substantia nigra - reticular information
38
Subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra and reticular information send infor to
LMN in an indirect multi-synaptic fashion
39
Extrapyramidal tract is ….. activation pathway
indirect
40
Lesions in the extrapyramidal tract
``` dyskinesia (movement disorder) Hyperkinesia & hypokinesia Tremors Chorea (quick& random movement) Dystonia (abnormal involuntary contractions) Myoclonus (muscle jerk) ```
41
12 pairs of CN | 10 originate in the
the brainstem | CN I and CN II originate in the cerebrum.
42
CN V trigeminal is ….
mixed
43
CN V trigeminal controls
``` mastication deglutition protection of ears (external) open ET (partial) velar elevation ``` Oral cavity Eyes nose forehead External ear
44
CN VII facial is ….
facial expression Swallowing (pocketing& anterior spillage) Protection of the ear Taste fibers (anterior 2/3 and soft palate)
45
CN IX glossopharyngeal is ….
``` upper pharyngeal constructor muscles Salivary glands (bolus formation) SP elevation (assists) Gag reflex ``` Taste for posterior 1/3 of tongue Velum & superior portion of pharynx EAM (ear drum)
46
CN X Vagus is
mixed
47
CN X controls
``` larynx Pharynx Velum Digestion Cardiovascular function Respiration ``` Larynx Velum Posterior & inferior portions of the pharynx
48
CN XI spinal accessory is
motor only
49
CN XI spinal accessory controls
Sternocleidomastoid (head movement) | Trapezius (shoulder shrugging)
50
CN XII hypoglossal is
motor only
51
CN XII hypoglossal controls
extrinsic and intrinsic tongue muscles
52
Extrinsic include
Genioglossus (protusion) Hyoglossus (retraction, depression) Styloglossus (up and back)
53
Intrinsic tongue muscles include
Superior longitudinal shortens, turn tip down, trough formation Inferior longitudinal: shortens, pulls tip down Transverse: narrows and elongates Vertical: flattening

Neurology Final Exam (1 decks)

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