FINAL EXAM

Question 1

Patriarch/Property Marriage

Answer 1

one in which women and children are owned by men.

Question 2

Family wage

Answer 2

• an income, paid to a man, that is large enough to support a non-working wife and children

Question 3

Ideology of separate spheres

Answer 3

idea that the home is a feminine space best tended by women and work is a masculine space best suited to men.

Question 4

Heteronormative

Answer 4

promoted heterosexuality as the only or preferred sexual identity, making other sexual desires invisible or casting them as inferior

Question 5

Mononormative

Answer 5

promotes monogamy, or the requirement that spouses have sexual relations only with each other

Question 6

Sexism

Answer 6

the production of unjust outcomes for people perceived to be biologically female.

Question 7

Androcentrism

Answer 7

the production of unjust outcomes for people who perform femininity.

Question 8

Hegemonic Masculinity

Answer 8

the form of masculinity that constitutes the most widely admired and rewarded kind of person in any given culture.

Question 9

The Second Shift

Answer 9

the unpaid work of housekeeping and childcare that faces family members once they return home from their paid jobs

Question 10

Ideal Worker Norm

Answer 10

the idea that an employee should devote themselves to their jobs wholly and without the distraction of family responsibilities.

Question 11

Shared division of labor

Answer 11

• both partners do an equal share of paid and unpaid work.

Question 12

Specialized division of labor

Answer 12

one partner does more paid work than childcare and housework and the other does the inverse

Question 13

Job segregation

Answer 13

the sorting of people with different social identities into separate occupations.

Question 14

Androcentric pay scale

Answer 14

a positive correlation between the number of men in an occupation relative to women and the wages paid to employees.

Question 15

Male flight

Answer 15

a phenomenon in which men start abandoning an activity when women start adopting it.

Question 16

Freedom/power paradox

Answer 16

Women have more freedom than men but less power, and men have more power than women but less freedom.

Question 17

Domestic outsourcing

Answer 17

paying non-family members to do family-related tasks

Question 18

time-use diary

Answer 18

a research method in which participants are asked to self-report their activities at regular intervals over at least twenty-four hours.

Question 19

Social reproduction

Answer 19

process by which society maintains an enduring character from generation to generation

Question 20

Power Elite

Answer 20

small group of interconnected people who occupy top positions in important social institutions

Question 21

Social Closure

Answer 21

advantaged groups preserve opportunities for themselves while restricting them for others

Question 22

Cultural Capital

Answer 22

• symbolic resources that communicate one’s social status

Question 23

Fit

Answer 23

• mix of cultural capital matches our social context

Question 24

Hegemonic ideologies

Answer 24

Ideologies are shared ideas about how human life should be organized; ideologies that are hegemonic manufacture our consent to a specific way of thinking or behaving.

Question 25

Individualism

Answer 25

idea that people are independent actors responsible primarily for themselves.

Question 26

Collectivism

Answer 26

idea that people are interdependent actors with responsibilities primarily to the group.

Question 27

Social Inequity Aversion

Answer 27

Emotional discomfort resulting from witnessing or experiencing an unfair outcome

Question 28

Xenophobia

Answer 28

- prejudice against people defined as foreign

Question 29

Social change

Answer 29

shifts in our shared ideas, interactions, and institutions.

Question 30

Collective Action

Answer 30

the coordinated activities of members of groups with shared goals.

Question 31

Social Movement

Answer 31

persistent, organized collective action meant to promote or oppose social change.

Question 32

Repertoire of contention

Answer 32

- shared activities widely recognized as expressions of dissatisfaction with social conditions

Question 33

Interdependent power

Answer 33

the power of noncooperation

Question 34

The Social Construction of social problems

Answer 34

The process of coming to see a personal struggle as an issue of public concern

Question 35

Insurgent consciousness

Answer 35

a recognition of a shared grievance that can be addressed through collective action.

Question 36

Critical event

Answer 36

sudden and dramatic occurrences that motivate nonactivists to become politically active

Question 37

Interest convergence

Answer 37

the interests of activists and elites align

Question 38

Standing

Answer 38

the authority to speak credibly on their topic

Question 39

Frame

Answer 39

succinct claims as to the nature of a social fact

Question 40

Countermovement

Answer 40

persistent, organized collective action meant to resist social movements

Question 41

Counter Frames

Answer 41

frames meant to challenge an existing social movement

Question 42

Colonialism

Answer 42

a practice in which countries claim control over territories, the people in them, and their natural resources, then exploit them for economic gain

Question 43

Globalization

Answer 43

the social processes that are expanding and intensifying connections across nation-states

Question 44

Global commodity chains

Answer 44

a transnational economic process that involves extracting natural resources, transforming them into goods, and marketing and distributing them to consumers.

Question 45

Peripheral

Answer 45

the home of the world’s working poor.

Question 46

Semi-peripheral

Answer 46

middle-income countries

Question 47

Core nations

Answer 47

advanced industrialized nation-states; control most of the transnational governmental organizations and are host to the richest transnational corporations; have the most powerful militaries

Question 48

Climate Change

Answer 48

This global warming is a result of anthropogenic, or human-caused, climate change. The earth is now a social fact.

Question 49

Global Warming

Answer 49

the loss of forests or the deterioration of our oceans

Question 50

Institutionalized global envir. Racism

Answer 50

Those least responsible for the emissions of greenhouse gases—disproportionately poor, previously colonized, non-White, and indigenous—will pay the steepest price

Question 51

Climate change denial

Answer 51

one who denies that changes in the Earth's climate or weather patterns are caused by human activity

Question 52

Transnational social movement

Answer 52

ones that coordinate activism across more than one country

Question 53

Transnational repertoire of contention

Answer 53

shared activities widely recognized as expressions of dissatisfaction with social conditions, globally

Question 54

Moral entrepreneurs

Answer 54

- activists who attempt to reshape our understanding of right and wrong

Question 55

Disinvestment

Answer 55

no longer investing in fossil fuel companies

Question 56

Global power elite

Answer 56

relatively small group of interconnected people who occupy top positions in globally important social institutions.

Question 57

Alienation

Answer 57

a feeling of dissatisfaction or disconnection from the fruits of their labor.

Question 58

Karl Marx

Answer 58

critiques of capitalism;

Question 59

Proletariat

Answer 59

people employed by others who worked for a wage.

Question 60

Bourgeois

Answer 60

people who employed the workers.

Question 61

Environmental Racism

Answer 61

the practice of exposing racial and ethnic minorities to more toxins and pollutants than White people

Question 62

Socialization

Answer 62

lifelong learning process by which we become members of our cultures and subcultures

Question 63

Cultural competence

Answer 63

able to understand and navigate our cultures with ease.

Question 64

Social Construction

Answer 64

the process by which we layer objects with ideas, fold concepts into one another, and build connections between them

Question 65

Labor unions

Answer 65

associations that organize workers so they can negotiate with their employers as a group instead of as individuals.

Question 66

Sociological Imagination

Answer 66

the capacity to consider how people’s lives—including our own—are shaped by the social facts that surround us