final exam Flashcards
(44 cards)
Why were the missions secularized by Mexico in 1833? (47-48)
because of their political ties to the king of spain; the mexican government was cutting themselves off; Franciscans were thought to be “too tight.”
What does the author conclude about the many different interpretations of the Gold Rush have historians offered? (83)
each of them might have some bit of the truth, but none have the whole truth.
In 1879, which field surpassed mining as the leading element in the California economy? (110)
agriculture, also established in these Gold Rush years, was desired to dominate the next sequence of development, employing more people than mining by 1869 (47,863 to 36,339) and surpassing mining in 1879 as the leading element of the California economy, remaining so well into the 19th century.
What are the leading fields today?
- finance, insurance, and real estate
- professional and business services
- government
What technological innovation enabled California to export fruit to distant markets? (151)
the refrigerated railroad cars; not air conditioned for people, but for fruit.
What legacy for Muybridge?
studied animal/human locomotion; founder of the field of kinesiology.
What legacy for Watkins?
took photos of the california landscape; yosemite in particular; put national parks on the map; legacy is environmental protections.
How did Japanese American, Mexican American, and African American communities fare in early 20th century Southern California? (178-180)
Japanese American (Internment Camps) Mexican Americans (Mass Deportation) African Americans (Segregation and Racism)
What product created the industrial infrastructure of Southern California? (180)
oil in the beginning of 1890
How did California benefit from government programs during the Great Depression of the 1930s? (184)
Helped develop statewide infrastructure (waterworks), ambitious programs of public works, and generally completed California we know now. March 12, 1928, St. Francis Dam collapsed creating a tidal wave that killed 400 people and devastating everything in its path to the sea.
What trend created pressure to unify the Bay Area through bridges? (186)
The growing automobile culture, however was creating pressure to unify the Bay Area through bridges, mid 1920
Why did the Great Depression come late and “more subtly” to California? (193)
The Great Depression came late to California, and it came more subtly because the California economy was diversified into agricultural, industrial, entertainment, tourist, and service sectors; hence it could be crippled as completely as was the case in many of the industrialized states of the Northeast, so dependent upon manufacturing, or midwestern states whose economy was based on agriculture.
What components compounded the social strife of 1930s California? (193)
Nevertheless, the Depression did come to California by the early 1930s, and the resulting social strife was compounded by the structural instability of the agricultural workforce; a militant labor movement in the San Francisco Bay Area; a labor- resistant oligarchy, especially in Southern California; and, among working people, a radical tradition going back to the 19th century.
What demand by organized labor was pioneered in 1860s San Francisco? (194)
In June 1867, the Chinese struck the Central Pacific, demanding twelve-hour days and $ 40 a month. The demanded by organized labor for an eight-hour day was pioneered in the mid-1860s in San Francisco.
After the creation of irrigation districts and the introduction of refrigerated railroad cars accelerated the development of California agriculture, what labor problem emerged? (195)
The problem was that these great fields of grain, these vineyards and hop ranches, these orchards and citrus goves, these fields teeming with potatoes, lettuce, and every variety of vegetables, these cotton fields in the Southern San Joaquin, each required intense seasonal labor at planting an harvest time and only small cadres of permanent workers in between.
Thus a pattern of migratory labor grew in California- starting with the wheat ranches- in which large numbers of migrant workers would converge on an area at harvestime, perform the work, then move on to another crop.
During World War II, how did the supply of farmworkers change? What was the state response? (215)
Brosero Program; as WWII progressed, California found itself short of agricultural workers, as opposed to the oversupply in the 1930s. The federally sponsored Braceros Program brought Mexican workers into California by train during the harvest season. This lasted until 1964.
This led into the era where Arizona- born Cesar Chavez founded the National Farm Workers Union in 1962 in a response to California sustaining a tendency to take such labor forces for granted, apply housing workers and moving them along as quickly as possible, and even abandoning some in old age.
What elevated California’s military importance around the turn of the 20th c.? (218)
At the Presidio in San Francisco, the Army maintained its Pacific Coast headquarters. Starting in 1891, the 4th Cavalry had responsibility for patrolling the Yosemite Valley. — As the United States moved in the direction of becoming a global military power— especially a sea power, as was being advised by naval theoretician Alfred Thayer Mahan— The military importance of California increased.— The Spanish- American War of 1898 formally established the United States as an Asia- Pacific power
What allowed the SF Bay Area and metropolitan LA to expand their defense-industrial capacity? (220)
The San Francisco Bay Area and metropolitan Los Angeles had each finally developed important port and ship repair facilities, both military and civilian, and secured the sources of water and hydroelectricity necessary for an expanded defense-industrial capacity.
What declaration gave the military great power – a “proconsular” – on the West Coast after the 1941 Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor? (226)
In February 1942, President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, allowing the War Department to remove suspicious or possibly dangerous people from military areas. Lieutenant General John L. De Witt head of the Western Defense Command, had already make up his mind that the Japanese should be evacuated. —Since the entire West Coast had been declared a “Theater of War”, De Witt possessed proconsular authority,— which had remained latent in his dealings with civilians officials but now came to the fore as DeWitt acted out of his own instincts and reluctance to become another Admiral John Kimmel, who was demoted following Pearl Harbor.
Which three groups of previously unwelcomed workers were hired “en masse” by the Bay Area shipyards during the war? (236)
More than 150,000 African- Americans, most recent immigrants to the West Coast; this industrial was formerly closed to them at the beginning of the war.
- Women workers, folkorized as “Rosie the Riveter”— became increasingly crucial to shipbuilding efforts.
Both male and female white workers, included a high number of —dust bowl migrants or Okies.—
All gave rise to social experiment fraught with ensign and indicative of the unfinished social business of the US that would preoccupy the postwar era.
In what ways did the Southern California aircraft industry “represent a great leap forward” for industrial culture? (236)
— Women, and efficient, socially responsible management — emerged via the aircraft
Women took their place on the line taking eight hour shifts at one or another of the prominent aircraft distributors. Later generations of women came into new identities as they mastered ins and outs of airplane manufactured and supervisory roles. Young and attractive aircraft workers such as Norma Jean Dougherty (Marilyn Monroe) had been granted starlet status; the linked that aircraft factories and film studios.
— Social sophistication had depth—, as there were transportation pools (carpools) daycare centers for children, women were represented on the line within middle management showing growing equality.
- There were also —support services— which provided medical care and food services. —Social events— such big band dances and concerts were also integrated into factory cultures.
Which sector of California’s cultural infrastructure did taxpayers and legislators upgrade after the war? What was the justification? How did postwar California thus “conceptualize itself”? (243-244)
The University of California System. It was the taxpayers that voted for it and created it. Some people believe it to be the best education system in the world. The university would be an in-house think tank to better our own situation. “Education Utopia”
What goals stimulated scientific, engineering, and technological advances in 20th c. California? (247)
“discover a truth, solve a problem, make a profit, make productive use of one’s time, and in the process make the world a better and more interesting place”
What did Ansel Adams mean by “visualization”? (294 & video)
he visualized a photograph before he actually took it; He would later describe his technique as “visualization” : the full and complete integration of the photographer, the object photographed, environmental conditions, and the photographer’s conception of the print he wished to see. Guided by the visualization the judgment of light and shadow, the photographer, Ansel believed, would instinctively choose the appropriate technology of lens and filter, and then wait - seconds, minute, hours, as long as it took- for the right moment to come before pressing the shutter
