Final Exam Flashcards
(143 cards)
1
Q
A forensic tool used to reconstruct the crime scene through the size, shape, and distribution of bloodstains caused by bloodshed events.
A
Bloodstain Pattern Analysis
2
Q
injuries where layers of the skin have been removed by scraping against a rough surface
A
Abrasions
3
Q
shearing or crushing injury caused by a blunt weapon that tears the skin and internal organs
A
Lacerations
4
Q
cutting injuries caused by sharp objects
A
Incised wounds
5
Q
injury caused by beating with a pointed weapon often causes little external bleeding
A
Stab wounds
6
Q
the attraction between blood and a non-blood surface
A
Adhesion
7
Q
the attractive forces within a drip, pool, or layer of blood
A
Cohesion
8
Q
What causes the formation of blood?
A
the force of gravity begins to equal or exceed the adhesive and cohesive forces
9
Q
Is there a relationship between the size of a bloodstain and the surface area of a bloody object?
A
…..
10
Q
What shape does a blood drop traveling through the air maintain?
A
Spherical
11
Q
What kind of bloodstain has patterns or stains created w/o significant outside forces other than gravity or friction?
A
Passive bloodstain
12
Q
What kind of bloodstain has patterns or stains that have undergone a physical or physiological change?
A
Altered bloodstain
13
Q
What kind of bloodstain has patterns created by forces that cause stains to demonstrate directionality and variable size?
A
Spatter
14
Q
A type of bloodstain that has flow, transfers, drip(s), and large volume
A
Passive
15
Q
A type of passive bloodstain that has smear, swipe, contact
A
Transfer
16
Q
A type of passive bloodstain that has single, multiple, or a trail of blood drop
A
Drip(s)
17
Q
A passive bloodstain that has saturating and pooling
A
Large-volume
18
Q
the path blood flows is influenced by gravity and surface contours
A
Flow pattern
19
Q
What does it mean if the observed blood flow does not appear to follow gravity or surface contours?
A
….
20
Q
How are blood pools formed?
A
by blood accumulating onto a surface (may have no specific shape or conform to the shape of a container)
21
Q
What happens if blood cannot absorb into a surface?
A
it will dry, clot, or crust over
22
Q
produced when a bloody object contacts a non-bloody surface leaving a transfer stain with directionality.
A
Swipe
23
Q
produced when a bloody object contacts a non-bloody surface leaving a non-descript transfer stain lacking detail
A
Smear
24
Q
What happens when two stains overlap?
A
…..
25
If 2 or more stains overlap, can we determine the order they were created?
....
26
How are drip patterns formed?
by multiple free-falling drops from a stationary source onto a horizontal surface containing previously deposited wet bloodstains or a small blood pool.
27
What type of bloodstain satellite spatter or scalloped edges may be present in
Drip patterns
28
Is the shape of a bloodstain influenced by the surface texture?
....
29
A type of drip pattern featuring elongated stains caused by the horizontal motion of the blood source (directionality can be established)
Drip trails
30
Can you determine the distance a blood drop fell based on the size of the bloodstain?
....
31
What are the different types of altered bloodstains?
aged, clotted, diluted, diffused, transfers, insects, voids
32
What are the color changes of blood?
red-> red-brown-> greenish-> dark brown-> black
33
serum separates from the bloodstain to form a solid mass, usually within 1 hour
clotted bloodstain
34
What does clotted spatter mean?
lapse in time between impacts
35
In what ways can blood be diluted?
biological, environmental, intentional, and obscured
36
Examples of environmental dilution
urine, saliva, stomach acids, cerebrospinal fluid
37
Examples of biological dilution
rain, snow excessive moisture ( make stains lighter)
38
Examples of intentional dilution
washing with water, detergent, bleach, etc
39
Examples of obscured dilution
fire/soot, paint, laundering
40
A type of altered bloodstain that spreads from a high to a low concentration
diffusion
41
A type of transfer that is produced when a bloody stain or pool is altered when an object moves through it and removes blood, detail may be present
Wipe
42
A type of wipe (transfer) is created when the object transfers the removed blood along a path, directionality may be present
Drag
43
Flies and other insects can disrupt a bloody surface or create separate bloodstains
Insects
44
A type of altered bloodstain that has an are within a generally continuous bloodstain pattern that lacks bloodstains (ex. blood on the wall but when removing a bottle from off the wall it has no bloodstains behind it)
Voids
45
What are the different types of spatter?
Secondary, impact, and projection
46
A type of spatter that has satellite spatter
Secondary
47
I type of spatter that may be the result of a gunshot, beating/stabbing
Impact
48
A type of spatter that has arterial, expirated, and cast-off
Projection
49
A dispersion of bloodstains of varying sizes created as liquid blood is disturbed by an external force.
Spatter
50
What do spatter patterns depend on?
1. flight path of spatter [rior to striking the target surface
2. the target surface material
3. the shape or angle of the surface struck and the target surface
51
How can spatter patterns help reconstruct events that unfolded at the crime scene?
1. determine the area or location where the blood source originated
2. link an object or person to a spatter-producing event or crime scene
3. corroborate or refute a statement or alibi
52
a group of individual spatters created by the same implied force radiating outward from the site of impact
Pattern
53
How is spatter formed?
1. a source of blood is stabilized by viscosity and surface tension
2. a force is applied
3. droplets are released from the drop or pool and travel through the air in straight or parabolic paths
4. droplets strike a target surface and produce spots of varying size and directionality
54
impact spatter is caused when an object strikes a source of liquid blood.
Impact mechanism
55
size and shape patterns are dependent on:
- the shape of the weapon
- weight and length of the weapon
- number of impacts
- the amount of force
- location of wounds
- movement of victim and assailant
- the amount of blood available
56
During the first blow does spatter happen?
No
57
Is the length of a stain inversely proportionate to the angle of impact?
True
58
A high angle of impact (closer to 90 degrees) creates a
rounded stain
59
A low angle of impact (closer to 0 degrees) creates a
elongated stain
60
A type of projection spatter produced when blood sprays out from a damaged artery
Arterial spatter
61
Arterial spatter presents:
- brighter red
| - undulation or arcing
62
What are some of the major arteries?
- Temporal (temples)
- Carotid (neck)
- Subclavian (clavicles)
- Brachial (arms)
- Radial (wrists)
- Femoral (upper thighs)
- Popliteal (legs)
- Tibial (ankles)
63
A type of projection bloodstain that is created when a volume of blood mixed with air escapes from the nose, mouth, or an opened wound in the lung(ex. coughing, sneezing, wheezing, spitting)
Expirated
64
projection mechanism whereby blood is thrown onto a surface from a moving bloody source (ex. a bloody bat swinging)
Cast-off
65
How is cast-off formed?
1. weapon swung toward the victim from overhead or from the side
2. weapon swung in the reverse direction: blood projected from the weapon tangentially away from the victim
3. weapon swung again toward the victim. Cessation pattern- weapon abruptly stops traveling upon impact but blood projected from the weapon toward the victim
66
spatter patterns produced by means other than a bloodletting event
secondary spatter
67
small droplets deposited around the periphery of a larger parent stain
satellite spatter
68
the area on the wall where the stains converge around
area of convergence
69
the are in from the bloodstain to where in the room the attack took place in the room. The area in the room where the blood is coming from.
area of origin
70
individualizing evidence collected to establish the identity of the persons involved
Fingerprints
71
What is the name of the system used to compare fingerprints from a crime scene
AFIS (Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems)
72
What is the name of the system used to compare DNA from a crime scene
CODIS (Combined DNA Index System)
73
What are examples of physical evidence?
1. Fingerprints
2. Impressions (tool marks, footprints, footwear impressions)
3. Biological ( blood, semen, saliva, tissue, hair, etc)
4. Firearms (pistols, revolvers, shotguns, and rifles)
5. Trace
6. Arson
7. Explosives
74
What type of lighting is used to help visualize the impression of the scene?
oblique lighting
75
What can be used to preserve impressions?
- photographs
- casting
- dust prints
76
What type of light can be used to help recognize semen evidence?
Ultraviolet light (ALS)
77
How are blood and semen stains collected?
DNA swab should be dried and placed in an envelope or cardboard swab container and sealed
78
What evidence may be found on the surface of a firearm?
DNA or fingerprints
79
How are guns packaged?
cardboard box
80
What are examples of trace evidence?
```
fibers (textiles, rope, cordage)
hairs
paint
soil
tape
glass
botany (pollen, leaves, grasses, woods)
```
81
How do you package arson evidence to preserve ignitable liquids?
clean metal paint can or glass jars
82
What are some examples of psychoactive drugs?
1. CNS depressants
2. CNS stimulants
3. Hallucinogens
4. Cannabis
5. Designer drugs
6. Nonprescription drugs
7. Inhalants
8. Steroids/Performance enhancing
83
Drugs prescribed to induce sleep, reduce muscle spasms, pain or anxiety.
Depressants
84
Opium-derived narcotics
analgesics derived from the opium poppy that have a high potential for abuse and addiction.
85
Naturally derived opioids:
morphine, codeine, oxycodone
86
Chemically synthesized opioids:
heroin, dilaudid, percocet, percodan, fentanyl
87
The device failed to fully function
Low order explosion
88
The device functioned as designed
High order explosion
89
a non-military, non-commercial, or modified explosive device designed by the builder with knowledge and materials available to them (FBI)
IEDs ( improvised explosive devices)
90
materials capable of rapid conversion from either solid or a liquid to a gas with resultant heat, pressure, and loud noise
Explosives
91
What are chemical explosives composed of?
fuel and oxidizer
92
This type of explosive:
- explode slow
- push or heave objects
- need to be contained to explode
Low explosives
93
This type of explosive:
- explode fast
- shatter and destroy objects
- do not need containment to explode
High explosives
94
Low Explosives:
Black powder, smokeless powder, pyrotechnics (used in fireworks),
95
Used in firearms ammunition
Smokeless powder
96
A mixture of potassium nitrate, sulfur, and charcoal
Black powder
97
High Explosives:
```
Ammonium Nitrate
Triacetone Triperoxide (TATP)
```
98
a mechanical, electrical, or electronic device used to detonate an explosive device.
Fuzing
99
mousetrap, clothespin
Mechanical fuzing
100
battery, Christmas tree light
Electrical fuzing
101
remote, cellphone, RC controller
Electronic device
102
houses the explosive charge and may disguise the. device
Containment
103
lose material added to cause bodily harm (ex. glass, nails, metal fragments, etc)
Shrapnel
104
a device with components designed to initiate an explosive charge
Fuze
105
a cord packed with material to transfer energy to an explosive.
Fuse
106
What are examples of biological evidence in an explosive?
Shrapnel
Containment
Concealment
107
What are some things that can survive an explosion?
Fingerprints
DNA
Hairs
108
What does the laboratory use to determine what residues of explosives are present at a bombing scene?
swabs or gauze that is dry or damp with acetone.
109
What are visible explosives, fuels, or oxidizers packaged in?
anti-static bags
110
Smaller debris can be packaged in:
paint cans
111
- walls bulging out or laying down, virtually intact
- roof slightly lifted, windows dislodged, sometimes with no broken glass
- large debris close to the structure
Low-Order damage
112
- shattering/demolishing the structure
- walls and roof broken
- small debris spread out near and far from the structure
High-Order damage
113
How can you retrieve evidence from a large bombing scene or multiple
Drone
| Police helicopter
114
What are some crimes committed in the vehicle?
- homicide
- car-jacking
- sexual assault
- robbery
- illegal transport
drive-by shooting, etc
115
What are some hiding places on the vehicle?
Crossbeam
Tires
Trunk
116
international searchable automotive. paint database
Paint data query
117
Hit-and-Run
1. damage to vehicles or property
| 2. death or injury
118
Hit-and-Run investigative goals:
- determine the identity of the suspect
- establish connections between vehicles and ppl involved
- reconstruct the collision
119
Can. the class characteristics of an unknown paint transfer be compared to a known?
Yes, through the different layers of paint transferred to that object
120
What do you call the class characteristics of the known and unknown paint samples different
Elimination (samples could not originate from the same source_
121
What do you call the class characteristics of the known and unknown paint samples indistinguishable
Association (samples. could originate from the same source)
122
the vehicle's front window has this type of glass (bendable)
Laminated glass
123
the vehicle's sides and back window have this type of glass (diced when broken)
Tempered glass
124
the vehicle's rearview mirrors have this type of glass
mirror/coated glass
125
What is used to preserve tire impressions?
Ink
Indicator pad
Adhesive lift
126
Class characteristics of a tire:
- brand name
- tread pattern
- wear pattern (individualizing traits)
- width of the tire
- defects of tire treads
127
bruised areas caused by a blunt object, internal bleeding, changes in color over time, form when alive
Contusions
128
skin breaks between blunt object and the underlying bone
Crushing wounds
129
bones can fracture due to impact with blunt objects
Bone injuries
130
projectile enters but does not leave the body
Penetrating gunshot wound
131
What directly influences the type of injury observed on a victim and bloodstains observed at a scene
The distance between muzzle to target
132
blood droplets directed outward from the entry wound toward the energy source
Back spatter
133
projectile enters and leaves the body through a separate wound. Forward spatter is produced when the projectile leaves the body.
perforating gunshot wound
134
Bloodstain patterns caused by bullet injuries are influenced by:
the caliber of firearm, muzzle to target distance, number of shots, wound characteristics, the position of victim, etc
135
circular or elliptical damaged areas on the surface caused by a bullet
bullet defects
136
What do trajectories tell us about the shooting?
1. height of the shooter
2. location/angle of the shooter
3. type of weapon used
137
Modes of death (suffocation):
hanging groove
| suffocation groove
138
caused by the contraction and stiffening musculature forcing the body into a "praying" position
Pugilistic attitude (posture)
139
What are classic poisons?
arsenic
strychnine
atropine
cyanide salts
140
Visuals cues that a sexual assault may have occurred:
missing clothing
injuries on the victim
mutilation
search for biological fluids
141
Psychological changes after death
```
dull cornea (hours after death)
algor mortis (18hrs)
rigor mortis (2-3 days)
livor mortis (1 to 4 hours)
```
142
this process begins immediately after death and is caused by autolysis and bacterial action
Putrefaction
143
How do you transport a body to the morgue?
body bag
sheets
box
