Final exam

Question 1

Sample is

Answer 1

a subset of your population

Question 2

A sample should represent

Answer 2

the diversity of the population

Question 3

Types of probability sample

Answer 3

Simple random
Systematic sampling
Stratified random sampling
Cluster sampling

Question 4

How many types of sample

Answer 4

Two

Question 5

All probability samples require ___ and ____

Answer 5

A sampling frame and a way of randomly selecting the sample

Question 6

Multiple whys is used to

Answer 6

identify cause vs symptoms

Question 7

Four parts of research question

Answer 7

Best practice question
Background question
Improvement question
Specific improvement question

Question 8

A population is

Answer 8

all the people/objects/ideas/places that you could possibly collect data from

Question 9

Non-probability sampling does NOT require ____ and _____

Answer 9

A sampling frame and random selection

Question 10

In non-probability sampling, each element ____ have an equal opportunity of being selected as part of your sample

Answer 10

doesn’t

Question 11

Types of non-probability samples

Answer 11

Convenience sampling/Opportunity sampling/Accidental or haphazard sampling (names for the same thing)
Snowball sampling
Judgemental Sampling or Purposive sampling
Quota sampling

Question 12

Assumptions and limitations are concerned with the ____ and ____ of their methodology

Answer 12

validity and reliability

Question 13

Validity

Answer 13

Correctness

Question 14

Reliability

Answer 14

Consistency

Question 15

Assumptions and limitations are not about ____ issues

Answer 15

logistical

Question 16

Ethical considerations

Answer 16

Avoiding harm to participants
Informed consent
Privacy
Confidentiality
Professionalism
Insider researcher status
Conflict of interest

Question 17

Reflection

Answer 17

Is when you’re directly involved in a process

Question 18

Convenience/opportunity/accidental/haphazard sampling is used for

Answer 18

collecting data from elements of population that you have ease of access to

Question 19

Convenience sampling is often used to get data from

Answer 19

general public

Question 20

snowball sampling is only used for

Answer 20

hidden populations (illegal, anti-social activities)

Question 21

insider researcher status is when you

Answer 21

have informal or formal power in organisation

Question 22

conflict of interest is when you could

Answer 22

benefit or be harmed by outcome

Question 23

content analysis is defined as

Answer 23

“systematic, replaceable technique for compressing many words of text into fewer content categories based on explicit rules of coding” (Stemler, 2001)

Question 24

content analysis enables a researcher to sort through

Answer 24

large volumes of data simply and systematically

Question 25

What source material can content analysis be applied to?

Answer 25

``` Interview transcripts Legislation Policy documents Process documents Checklists Websites Blogs Social media pages Hard copy promotional material Videos Recorded radio advertisements Recorded television advertisements ```

Question 26

What types of information and content analysis provide?

Answer 26

``` Compliance issues Alignment of policy/process Identify sections of a policy Layout of printed source material Structure of non-printed material Ideas contained in material ```

Question 27

Content analysis won't tell me

Answer 27

Why/how

Question 28

To understand why/how something was done

Answer 28

Pair content analysis with interview

Question 29

A frame work is a

Answer 29

set of dimensions applied to source material

Question 30

Internal validity/reliability concerns

Answer 30

primary data collection method

Question 31

External validity/reliability concerns

Answer 31

sampling method

Question 32

Difference between survey and questionnaire

Answer 32

Survey done with researcher present, questionnaire done without researcher

Question 33

We use a survey/questionnaire when

Answer 33

Need quantitive and qualitative data Need specific info that is familiar to respondents Researcher has prior knowledge of the likely responses

Question 34

Free-response or open ended question

Answer 34

Respondent free to give whatever answer they'd like

Question 35

Dichotomous question

Answer 35

respondent chooses from two options

Question 36

Closed questions

Answer 36

Dichotomous questions Multiple-choice Checklist Rating

Question 37

Surveys should include a maximum of ___ options in multiple-choice questions

Answer 37

5

Question 38

Interviews are needed for ___ data

Answer 38

rich

Question 39

Types of interviews

Answer 39

Structured Semi-structured Open or non-directive

Question 40

Assumptions for interviews

Answer 40

Questions based on theory relevant to problem Respondents will not misinterpret interview questions Respondents will be honest Accurate recall Engage consistently

Question 41

Observation is a data collection method utilised when you are ____ of a phenomenon

Answer 41

outside

Question 42

Reflection is appropriate when researcher is ____ the phenomenon

Answer 42

inside

Question 43

Information that observation can provide

Answer 43

Steps in a process How to complete steps The order in which individuals complete steps Alignment of behaviour vs standards Physical layout of workspace Environmental factors of customer area/workspace

Question 44

Observation needs to be conducted ethically, therefore Ara students will need to supply subjects an ____

Answer 44

observation consent form

Question 45

Observational data may be recorded ____ or utilise a ____

Answer 45

chronologically, framework

Question 46

Assumptions and limitations of observation

Answer 46

Usefulness of dimensions (validity) Accurate application of framework (validity) Apply framework consistently (reliability) Accurate recording (validity) Consistent in focus of factors recorded (reliability) Consistent in how factors recorded (reliability)

Question 47

Assumptions and limitations of reflection

Answer 47

Usefulness of dimensions in the framework (validity) Accurately apply reflection (reliability) Accurately record experiences (validity) Memory is accurate (validity) Consistent in how they record experiences (reliability)