Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Business Informatics > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

(83 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Business View of

Information Systems according to Computer Science approach:

A

Interrelated components working together to
collect, process, store, and disseminate
information to support decision making, coordination, control, analysis, and visualization
in an organization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Business View of

Information Systems according to Business Perspective :

A

An organizational and management solution,
based on information technology, to a challenge
posed by the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The key elements of

an organization are?

A

its people, structure,

operating procedures, politics, and culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Management sets:?

A 
the
organizational
strategy, allocate
resources and
coordinate the work
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

 A behavioral approach to IS focuses on questions such as:?

A

behavioral problems of systems utilization
implementation and system design
social and organizational impacts of information systems
political impacts of information systems
individual responses to information systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

A technical approach to information systems emphasizes:?

A

the physical technology and formal capabilities of IS
mathematically based, normative models to study IS
models of management
operations research models

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the Trends in the global business environment

that have made Information Systems so important ?

A

Growing interdependence between business strategy, rules, and procedures on one hand, and information systems
software, hardware, databases, and telecommunications on the other
 Growing reach and scope of systems projects and
applications and the relationship between information
systems and organizations
 Soaring power of computer technology, spawning powerful
communication networks
 Changing management processes with redefinitions of
organizational boundaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What has the Influence of Information Systems on Organizations brought?

A

The use of IT and IS has provided tremendous
value to the effectiveness of common activities
It resulted in dramatic changes in the way many
common business processes are now
implemented
It introduced of new types of businesses and
business processes
Can reshape whole markets
Can create new markets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are Business Processes?

A 
The unique ways in which organizations
coordinate and organize work activities,
information, and knowledge to produce a
product or service
The related groups of steps or activities
that use people, information, and other
resources to create value for internal or
external customers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How do Information Systems change

the nature of business?

A 
new combinations of products and
services are appearing
the limitations of geography and time are
disappearing
technology is easy available on demand
organizations are becoming flatter and
less hierarchical
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the goal of Flattening organizations

A 
providing
managers with information to
supervise larger numbers of
workers
giving lower level employees more decisionmaking
authority
team-work
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Traditional business vs.

new style business ?

A

The traditional business firm was—and still is—a
hierarchical, centralized, structured arrangement of specialists that typically relied on a fixed set of
standard operating procedures to deliver a massproduced product (or service).
The new style of business firm is a flattened (less
hierarchical), decentralized, flexible arrangement of generalists who rely on nearly instant information
to deliver mass-customized products and services
uniquely suited to specific markets or customers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Obstacles when applying new

technology in the real world

A

Unrealistic Expectations and Techno-Hype
Difficulty Building, Modifying and
Integrating new Technologies
Genuine Difficulty Anticipating What Will
Happen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

First 2 Phases of Information System ?

A

Initiation is the process of defining the need
for the system, identifying the people who will
use it or be affected by it, and describing in
general terms what the system will do to meet
the need
• Development is the process of transforming
general system requirements into hardware and
software (and related documentation) that
accomplish the required functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Phases 3 and 4 of Information System ?

A 
Implementation is the process of
putting a system into operation in the
organization
• Operation and maintenance is the
ongoing use of the system after it has
been installed, plus work to enhance it
and correct bugs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is Systems Development?

A

The activities that go into producing an
information systems solution to an
organizational problem or opportunity
• Structured kind of problem solving with
distinct activities:
systems analysis, systems design, programming,
testing, conversion, operation and maintenance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is Systems Analysis?

A 
The process of defining a problem,
gathering pertinent information,
developing alternative solutions, and
choosing among those solutions
• Includes defining the information
requirements
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a Feasibility study and what is its goal?

A

Part of the systems analysis process, the way to
determine whether the solution is achievable,
given the organization’s resources and constraints• Identifies several alternative solutions that the
organization can pursue and assesses the
feasibility of each
• A written systems proposal report describes the
costs and benefits, advantages and disadvantages
of each alternative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Three areas of feasibility study?

A

Technical feasibility - whether the proposed
solution can be implemented with available
hardware, software and technical resources
• Economic feasibility - whether the benefits of
the proposed solution outweight the costs
• Organizational feasibility - whether the
organization can handle the changes introduced
by the system, whether proposed solution is
desirables within existing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are Information Requirements?

A 
The detailed statement of the information
needs that the systems must satisfy
• Identifies who needs what information,
when, where, how and why the
information is needed
• Defines functions that the system must
perform
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is Systems Design?

A

Describes how the system will meet the
information requirements as determined
by the system analyst
• Logical design - lays out the components of
the IS and their relationship to each other as
they would appear to users
• Physical design - translating the abstract
logical model into specific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Programming

A

The process of translating the system
specification prepared during the design
stage into software

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Testing

A

The exhaustive and thorough process that
determines whether the system produces
the desired results under known
conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Conversion

A

The process of changing from the old system to the new system
• Conversion strategies:
• Parallel - old and new system run together for a time• Pilot - introducing new system first only to the
limited area of the organization
• Phased - introducing new system in stages, by
functions or organizational unit
• Plunge (direct cutover) - replacing the old system
entirely with the new system on appointed day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is Operation and Maintenance
Ongoing operation and support is the process of ensuring that the technical system components continue to operate correctly and that the users use it effectively • The operations manual specifies day-to-day computer operations that include e.g. generating summary reports for management and backups of the database. • Maintenance is the process of modifying the system over time
26
Approaches for Building | Information Systems?
traditional system life cycle • prototyping • acquiring application package • end-user development
27
Traditional system life cycle
A methodology that partitions the systems development process into formal stages that must be completed sequentially with very formal division of labor between users end IS specialists • It tries to solve a control problem by keeping the project on track • It establishes tight controls to guarantee that technical and organizational issues are addressed at each step
28
Prototyping
The interactive process of building an experimental system (prototype) for demonstration and evaluation so that users can better determine information requirements • Prototyping is used when the precise requirements for a new system are difficult to visualize and define • A prototype information system is a working model of a system built to learn about the system's true requirements
29
Pros and Cons of | Prototyping
``` Quick and inexpensive • Valuable for the design of the end-user interface • Unpractical for large applications which have to be subdivided into many subprototypes • Difficult to build high performance systems ```
30
What does it mean when we say Acquiring Application Package?
``` An application package consists of a set of prewritten and precoded software available for sale and lease • An application package addresses a specific type of business ```
31
The phases 1 and 2 of the acquiring an | application package approach
INITIATION • May start with user’s or manager’s recognition of a business problem or with a sales call from a vendor. • DEVELOPMENT • The vendor develops the software, although the purchaser still performs some typical development activities, such as determining detailed requirements. Development may include customization of the software and user documentation.
32
The phases 3 and 4 of the acquiring an | application package approach
IMPLEMENTATION • Implementation starts by deciding exactly how the package will be used. It often relies on the vendor’s staff (consultants) because they have the greatest knowledge of the system. • OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE • Operation occurs as it would with a traditional life cycle. Maintenance is different because the vendor maintains the software based on requests from customers and demands of the market.
33
Pros and Cons of Acquiring | Application Package
Saves design, programming and testing activities • Vendors supply much of the maintenance, supplying enhancements to keep the system in line with ongoing technical and business developments • Difficult to address uncommon and unique requirements • Sometimes requires to supplement the package with another piece of software • Customization and additional programming cost and time can overwhelm advantages
34
What is End-user development?
It is the development of information systems by end users rather than IS professionals • The user develops the system using tools that do not require a professional level of programming knowledge (forth generation tools)
35
Pros and Cons of End-user | Development
``` Quick response to user needs • Meets user requirements, but not necessary organizational objectives • Low quality assurance • Testing and documentation often are inadequate • Difficult long-term maintenance ```
36
What are some Development Approaches we can use when Combining System
``` Use prototyping as part of a traditional system life cycle. • Use a small application package as a prototype. • Adopt aspects of a traditional life cycle to purchasing an application package. • Add an end-user development component to the traditional life cycle. ```
37
CASE (Computer-Aided | Systems/Software Engineering)
The automation, using software packages, of step-by-step methodologies for software and systems development to reduce the amount of repetitive work
38
Joint application development | JAD
• Its distinguishing feature is a carefully prepared 2 to 4 day meeting bringing together user representatives and IS staff members. • It tries to eliminate misunderstandings that often persist despite lengthy user interviews during the analysis needed for functional specifications and external specifications
39
Rapid Application | Development (RAD)
• Process of developing systems in a very short time by using prototyping, CASE tools, forth generation tools and close teamwork among users and IS specialists.
40
Definition of System
A system is a set of interacting components that operate together to accomplish a purpose
41
Definition of SubSystem
A subsystem is a component of a system that can also be considered a system in its own right
42
True or False? A business is a system consisting of many subsystems, some of which are information systems
True
43
What is an Information System
A set of interrelated components that collect, process, store, and distribute information to support decision making in an organization • The terms business information system or management information system refer to information systems used mainly in commercial organizations but they cover also systems used in other nonprofit organizations, for example in public administration
44
What is Information technology
Information technology is the hardware and software that make information systems possible • Hardware refers to the devices and other physical things involved in processing information • Software refers to the computer programs that interpret user inputs and tell the hardware what to do
45
A system’s purpose is?
A system’s purpose is the reason for its existence and the reference point for measuring its success
46
A system’s boundary defines?
what is inside the system and what is outside
47
A system’s environment is?
everything pertinent to the system that is outside of its boundaries
48
Main formal functions of IS?
input • processing • output
49
What is the role of Input
Input captures data (also called input, or input data) from the inside of an organization or from its external environment
50
What is the role of Processing
Processing (called also transformation) converts data into meaningful and useful form • May involve storing data for future use
51
What is the role of Output
output distributes information (also called output) to entities inside and outside an organization • Output from one system can directly provide data for input to another system
52
Definition of Data
Streams of raw facts representing events occurring in organizations or the physical environment before they have been organized and arranged into a form that people can understand and use.
53
Definition of Information
Data that have been shaped into a form that is | meaningful and useful to human beings.
54
Two Types of data?
Hard (well-structured) data - clearly defined data generated by formal systems • Soft (not structured) data - intuitive or subjective data obtained by informal means such as talking to people, interpreting stories or opinions
55
Types of ISs in communication and | decision making?
``` Office Automation Systems • Communication Systems • Transaction Processing Systems • Management Information Systems (Information Reporting Systems) • Decision Support Systems • Executive Information Systems ```
56
What is an Office automation system | (OAS) and what are its functions?
Various software applications designed to increase workers’ productivity by supporting the activities in the typical office • The main functions include: • document creating and handling – for example: word processing, desktop publishing, image processing, • scheduling – for example using electronic calendars • communication – for example: electronic mail, presentation systems, videoconferencing
57
What do Communication Systems do and what are some examples given in the class powerpoint?
``` They help people work together by sharing information in many different forms • Examples: • Teleconferencing: audio conferencing, audiographic conferencing, and video conferencing • Messaging Systems: electronic mail, voice mail, and fax • Groupware ```
58
Types of communication?
Synchronous communication occurs when both sender and recipient are available simultaneously • Asynchronous communication occurs when the participants are not available simultaneously and therefore requires recording of a message • one-way and two-way communication • presence of the sender and recipient at the same place
59
The ways information systems can help | improve communication include:?
``` making face-to-face communication more effective • eliminating unnecessary person-to-person communication • making communication systematic • combining and extending electronic communication functions ```
60
What do Transaction processing systems | (TPS) do?
Operational-level systems • They collect, process and store data about transactions (sometimes daily routine decisions are made as part of a transaction) • They keep track of elementary activities performed in organizations, such as: sales, orders, cash deposits, payroll, credit decisions, the flow of materials in a factory, and the grades of students at a university
61
Main types of transaction | processing?
``` With batch processing, data for individual transactions are gathered, stored and later the set of transaction data is sorted and processed to update the database • With real time processing, each transaction is processed immediately ```
62
What do Information reporting systems do?
IRSs provide managers and other business professionals with reports or with on-line access to information on the current performance of the organization and to historical records • IRSs typically extract and summarize data from TPSs • Output information from IRSs is usually aggregated and presented in the form of tables or charts • IRSs are often not built as separate systems but they have a form of the module of a TPS allowing direct reporting from data stored in such system
63
In terms of Management Information | System (MIS) what does the Mangement level have to deal with?
``` Management level • Structured and semi-structured decisions • Past and present data • Internal orientation • Inputs: High-volume past and present data • Processing: Simple models • Outputs: Summary reports • Users: Middle managers ```
64
What is Business Information System
All types of information systems used in | business
65
What is Business Informatics
The study of information systems focusing | on their use in business and management
66
What is a Decision support system | (DSS) and what does it do?
DSSs provide direct computer support to managers during the decision making • DSSs support decision making in semistructured and unstructured situations • DSSs use various advanced technologies, sophisticated processing methods, complex analytical models, and data analysis tools to support nonroutine decision making • The typical DSS methods include what-if analysis, risk analysis, and simulations • Often referred as business intelligence systems
67
In terms of Decision support system | (DSS) what does the Mangement level have to deal with?
Management level • Inputs: Low-volume data • Processing: Interactive, complex models • Processing: Interactive, complex models • Outputs: Decision analysis • Users: Professionals, analysts, middle managers
68
What is Executive information system | (EIS)?
``` Also called: executive support system (ESS) • It is a highly interactive system providing managers and executives flexible access to information for monitoring operating results and general business conditions ```
69
In terms of Executive information | system (EIS) what does the Strategic LEvel have to deal with?
Strategic level • Inputs: Aggregate internal and external data• Processing: Interactive, various models • Outputs: Projections • Users: Senior managers
70
Technological solutions for | decision making support?
``` Online analytical processing (OLAP) is an online data analysis tool that can explore large databases of transaction data. It uses data warehouse technology - separate database together with the analytical software. • Data Mining is the use of data analysis tools to find useful patterns in large transaction databases ```
71
What is a Group Decision Support | System (GDSS)?
``` It is a special type of groupware containing hardware and software that facilitates meetings, e.g. electronic decision room. • Typical GDSS capabilities include: • brainstorming • topic commenting • issue analysis • voting • alternative evaluation ```
72
What is and what does an Expert System do?
``` It supports the intellectual work of professionals engaged in design, diagnosis, or evaluation of complex situations requiring expert knowledge in a well-defined area • Try to capture and apply an expert’s understanding of a type of problem through a set of rules about reasoning ```
73
What are some Inference methods in expert | systems?
backward chaining • forward chaining • sideways chaining
74
What is a Neural network?
``` It is an information system that recognizes objects or patterns based on examples that have been used to train it • They are modeled after the human brain's network of interconnected processing elements, called neurons ```
75
What is IS (information system) failure?
• project was never completed and finally abandoned • system completed but abandoned • system lacks some functionality and can not be used in the way it was intended • system does not perform as expected • system was not operational at a specified time• system was not operational at a specified cost
76
How many IS (information systems) are failures?
``` 28% percent of all big software projects are cancelled before completion • 46% percent of all big software projects are behind schedule or over budged • total: 74% ```
77
Top factors in application | development project failure:?
``` • Lack of user input (12,8%) • Incomplete requirements and specifications (12,3%) • Changing requirements and specifications (11.8%) • Lack of executive support (7.5%) • Others (55.6%) ```
78
What usually happens in terms of Cost estimation
underestimation - average IS cost is 180% over the budget • typical underestimated costs: 11• salaries of users and management involved in the project • work distraction during the implementation• cost of system maintenance • consulting and training
79
Common Reasons for Project Failure at Initiation phase?
• The reasons for building the system have too little support. • The system seems too expensive.
80
Common Reasons for Project Failure at DEVELOPMENT phase?
* Unclear or missing system requirements. * Poor project management. * The system is not technically feasible. * The project is too difficult for technical staff assigned. * Documentation is inadequate. * Testing is not sufficient.
81
Common Reasons for Project Failure at IMPLEMENTATION phase?
• The system requires too great a change from existing work practices. • Potential users dislike the system or resist using it. • Insufficient user training. • Wrong choice of conversion method.
82
Common Reasons for Project Failure at OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE phase?
* System controls are insufficient. * Too little effort goes into supporting effective use. * The system is not updated as business needs change.
83
Why do Mergers and Acquisitions usually fuckup a company's IS
• the difficulty of integrating the systems of different companies • different organizational characteristics and culture • different IT infrastructures • requires considerable organizational change and complex system projects

Business Informatics (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions