final exam Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
Q
Definition of sustainable development
A
‘Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
2
Q
Whats the WCED?
A
World Commission on Environment and Development
3
Q
About Economic Growth?
A
◦ Economic Growth… traditionally equated with increases in GDP/GNP ◦ GDP… total output for final use produced by residents and non residents of a country.
GDP doesn’t include deductions for depreciation of
physical capital or
depletion/degradation of natural
resources
4
Q
What is Unsustainable Development
A
Development which compromises future development
possibilities either (a) via excessive resource depletion and
waste generation or (b) imposing too heavy a burden of
environmental degradation or cleanup © not ensuring that the
rents that accrue from current exploitation are invested so that
future generations can share
5
Q
Economic Growth (GDP)?
A
Increases in Material Output
6
Q
Economic Development?
A
Greater emphasis on social objectives
e.g. poverty, education, health,
7
Q
Sustainable Economic Development?
A
Recognising the need for environmental
Protection, inter
and intra generational
equity.
8
Q
Relation between Sustainable development SD and economic development ED?
A
SD adds to our understanding of ED by:
◦
Providing an explicit recognition that development and the environment are not mutually
exclusive
◦
Integrating environmental concerns into traditional development economics
◦
Incorporating social and environmental concerns into economic decision making
◦
Seeking to ensure the economically efficient management of natural resources
9
Q
What are the Tradeoffs among the Three Main objectives
of Sustainable Development?
A
Economic Efficiency
Preservation of the Environment
Social Equity
10
Q
The Economic goal of Sustainable
Development?
A
The economic goal is: “… to maximize the net welfare of economic activities while maintaining or
increasing the stock of economic, ecological and sociocultural assets over time…. and providing a
safety net to meet basic needs and protect the poor.”
11
Q
UK government’s principle of SD?
A
Living with environmental limits
ensuring a strong, just and healthy society
Achieving a sustainable economy
Promoting good governance
Using sound science responsibly
12
Q
What about ecosystem
services?
A
◦
1. 60% of the ecosystem services degraded fresh water, capture fisheries, air
and water purification and the local climate, natural hazards. Many
ecosystem services degraded a due other services, such as food. These trade
offs shift the costs of degradation from one group of people to another.
◦
2. changes in ecosystems increasing the nonlinear changes in (potentially
irreversible changes) that worsen h uman well being. Ie ..‘dead zones’ in
coastal waters and shifts in regional climate.
◦
3. The harmful degradation of ecosystem services are being borne more by
the poor, are contributing to inequities causing poverty and social conflict.
13
Q
What conference took place in 1972?
A
Stockholm, Sweden 1972
On human development, bringing together heads of state on a massive scale to adress environment and development
14
Q
conference in 1987?
A
Brundtland “our common future”
15
Q
Meeting in 1992?
A
Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit & Sustainable Development
Rio declaration Agenda 21 CSD CBD UNFCCC
16
Q
meeting 1997?
A
The Kyoto Protocol & Sustainable Development Conference
17
Q
meeting in 2000?
A
Millenium Summit & Sustainable Development Conference
18
Q
meeting in 2002?
A
Johannesburg’s Conference on Sustainable Development
Johannesburg plan of implementation
19
Q
meeting 2009?
A
(COP 15) Copenhagen Summit
20
Q
meeting 2010?
A
COP 16 Cancun
21
Q
meeting 2011?
A
COP 17 Durban
22
Q
Who’s Jay Wright Forrester?
A
He suggested a
sort of graphical user interface for the
simulation of interactions between objects in
dynamic systems, called Systems Dynamics. He
further developed and applied this method in
books Industrial Dynamics (1961) and Urban
Dynamics (1969), which sparked debates on the
feasibility of modeling social, economic and
ecological problems in an even broader context.
In consequence, in 1971 he published the book
World Dynamics containing the first so called
World model, dealing with complex interactions
of the economy, the population and the ecology
of the World.
23
Q
During the Brundtland report, Sustainiblity is presented as:
A
serious response to the chalenges posed to world sustainibility:
1) the anthropocene
2) the limits to growth
3) global crisis as interlocking natural, social, and economic challenges
report was mindful of burning forests and of climate change but doesnt simplify these concerns
24
Q
How does the Brundtland report change the paradigm?
A
Ecology and economy are interlocked in our society and must be dealt with together
25
what was launched internationally in 1980?
IUCN, International union for the conservaton of natural resources (World conservation strategy)
Strategy asserted that conservation of nature can't happen without reducing poverty
26
Whats The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
| Development?
Over 150 Heads of State & Government are confirmed to attend the UN Sustainable Development
Summit in New York from 25 27 September 2015 for the adoption of an ambitious, bold and universal
sustainable development agenda that will end poverty and promote prosperity by 2030, while
addressing the environment.
The summit outcome document, entitled “Transforming our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development,” was agreed on by the 193 Member States of the United Nations, and includes 17
Sustainable Development Goals
27
How did the Environment Change?
• Significant natural changes to the
environment long ago, but only relatively
recently humans can destroy the Earth's
ecosystem
• The global population has risen considerably
during the XX century
• The expansion of industry - a major source of
pollution. This has
caused changes in the balance of our
environment
28
What about Greenhouse gases?
Greenhouse gases help to maintain the earth’s
temperature at a level suitable to support life
Human activities are increasing the amount of
greenhouse gases in the atmposphere, which
cause more heat to be trapped.
```
Predicted effects of global warming
include:
– Higher sea levels->tsunami
– Higher temperatures
– Variable climatic conditions
– These changes are expected to cause a
significant impact on agriculture and
ecosystems.
```
29
What about Ozone Layer Depletion?
• The ozone layer protects the earth from harmful ultraviolet
(UV) light
• The use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other ozone
depleting substances as refrigerants, solvents and
insulation is destroying the ozone layer
• A ‘hole’ is observed over Antarctica every autumn
• Depleted ozone levels cause the following impacts:
– Increased penetration of UV light to earth
– Increased risks of skin cancer and eye diseases
– Damage to agricultural crops
– Disruption to marine food chains
30
what about Acid Rain?
```
• The burning of fossil fuels atmospheric
emissions of NOx
and SO2
• These gases +with water and oxygen
sulfuric and nitric acids. Sunlight increases
the rate of these reactions
• Rain, snow and fog can be polluted with
these acidic compounds, which is then
deposited at the earths surface
• The deposition of acids can:
– Damage forests and soils
– Causes acidification of lakes and other
waterbodies
– Disturb wildlife
– Cause the decay of building and other
structures
– Impact on human health
```
31
And deforestation?
• The deforestation of tropical rainforests is a major global
problem-each year millions of hectares are lost
• Deforestation rates in some countries continue to increase
despite worldwide pressures
• Rainforests are destroyed for wood products, and to make
way for agricultural activities, mining and dams
• The impacts of deforestation include:
– Loss of livelihood for local inhabitants
– Variable environmental conditions (susceptability to flood, aggravated
droughts, soil erosion etc)
– Loss of biodiversity and disturbance to ecosystems
– Loss of carbon sink
32
What about Loss of Biodiversity?
• Biodiversity has three key components:
– Genetic diversity
– Species diversity
– Ecological diversity
• Approximately 2.1 million species are known to exist, but up to 50 million
still to be discovered
• Biodiversity is important for food, drugs, maintaining ecological stability,
aesthetic and cultural benefits
• Natural causes and human activity can threaten biodiversity
• The loss of biodiversity means ecosystems are destabilised, vital resources
are lost and genetic variation is reduced
33
Water Pollution?
```
• A change in water quality that
impacts on living organisms
• Types and effects of water
pollution include:
– Infectious agents, such as
typhoid, cholera
– Nutrients and
eutrophication
– Toxic materials, through
mining
– Organic chemicals
– Sediments can disrupt --
aquatic ecosystems
```
34
Desertification?
• Removing ground cover and degrading fertile land
initiates desertification
• Water washes away nutrients, the land becomes
inhospitable
• The process is accelerated by expanding populations
and the need to overuse fragile areas of land
35
Waste Disposal?
```
Waste disposal
methods include:
• Open dumping
and landfill
• Ocean dumping
• Exporting waste
• Waste to
energy plants
```
```
Minimising the
waste stream:
• 3R’s: reduce,
reuse, recycle
• Composting
• Waste to
energy
```
```
Hazardous waste
disposal
• Needs to be
safely handled
and disposed of
to minimise
threats to the
environment
and human
health
```
36
Environmental Management?
• Environmental pollution is a serious burden on our
ecosystems and finances world-wide
• Administrations, commercial organisations and individuals are
affected by environmental change and its associated dangers,
long-term effects and liabilities
• Both legislative obligations and voluntary mechanisms can
address the environment and to integrate it into the
mainstream of business activity
• Consequently, environmental management is a crutial part of
all organisations’ operations
37
Regional Environmental Issues:
• From UNEP Global Environmental Yearbook 2003
• Major Environmental Issues in the Asia/Pacific
Region include:
– Land Degradation
– Loss of Biodiversity
– Air Pollution
38
Land Degradation?
• Many Asian nations, particularly India, China,
Afghanistan and Mongolia are facing the challenges
of desertification
• Desertification in these areas is caused by:
– Overgrazing
– Overploughing
– Vegetation removal
• These problems continue to intensify as human and
livestock numbers continue to increase
39
Loss of Biodiversity?
• The region has a great diversity of birds, with over
27% of all globally known species found in the area
• However, one in eight species in the region is globally
threatened
• The major threats include habitat destruction and
over exploitation
• It is believed that 323 bird species are at risk of
extinction over the next 100 years
40
What is Climate change?
It refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns. These shifts may be natural, such as through variations in the solar cycle. But since the 1800s, human activities have been the main driver of climate change, primarily due to burning fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas.
41
Sources of human emitted greenhouse gas
carbon dioxide (Co2)
Methane (Ch4)
Nitrous oxide (N2o)
Halocarbons
42
Whats COP 27?
The 27th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP 27) to the UNFCCC will take place in Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt.
COP 27 was originally expected to take place from 8-20 November 2021. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, COP 26 was rescheduled from November 2020 to November 2021. As a result, COP 27 will take place from 7-18 November 2022.
43
Is there a point at which adding moreCO2 will not cause further warming?
No. Adding more CO2 to the atmosphere will cause surface temperatures to continue to increase. As the atmospheric concentrations of CO2 increase, the addition of extra CO2
becomes progressively less effective at trapping Earth’s energy, but surface temperature will still rise
44
Does the rate of warming vary fromone decade to another?
Yes. The observed warming rate has varied from year to year, decade to decade, and place
to place, as is expected from our understanding of the climate system. These shorter term variations are mostly due to natural causes, and do not contradict our fundamental
understanding that the long-term warming trend is primarily due to human-induced
changes in the atmospheric levels of CO2 and other greenhouse gases
45
Why Is Climate Change a Problem?
A stable climate supports animals to survive. If the climate changes quickly, organisms don’t have enough time to adapt to new conditions and may no longer be able to survive. Fire in Australia hot summer)
Climate change disrupts weather patterns and causes extreme weather events to become more common. These include hurricane activity, droughts and floods.
As the global temperature has increased, so has the number of reported natural disasters.
Rising temperatures are causing sea levels to increase.
The rising water can cover coastal areas, destroying habitats and displacing whole populations from low-lying areas.
46
Rising sea levels are driven by two main processes:
Ice Melt: When the atmosphere and ocean get warmer, ice sheets and glaciers melt, resulting in the addition of fresh water to the ocean.
Thermal Expansion: As ocean water gets warmer, it expands, causing sea levels to rise.
The increase in global temperatures is causing a reduction in sea ice.
This causes problems for animals that depend on the ice to hunt, mate and sleep.
47
What Causes Climate Change?
```
Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and water vapour (H2O) are greenhouse gases that are found in the atmosphere.
Energy travels from the Sun to the Earth as short wave radiation. It does not interact strongly with the greenhouse gas molecules so it reaches the Earth’s surface.
```
The Earth’s surface emits long wavelength radiation. This does interact with the greenhouse gas molecules.
The greenhouse gas molecules absorb some of the energy, trapping it in the atmosphere.
This process keeps the Earth warm and is essential for life.
The higher the proportion of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the more radiation is absorbed.
This causes a rise in the temperature of the Earth and is known as the greenhouse effect.
This increase in temperature drives climate change.
48
Climate change can be caused gradually by natural processes or suddenly by large events, such as a massive meteorite strike or volcanic activity. However, the rapid climate change we are experiencing now is due to three main human activities:
Burning fossil fuels for heating and cooking, generating electricity and powering vehicles releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
Deforestation (destruction of forests) releases carbon dioxide and reduces the number of trees able to capture carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
Reduction of biodiversity creates an unstable ecosystem. Nature loss leads to ecosystems that are less able to capture carbon from the atmosphere and less resilient to rising temperatures.
49
Who Causes Climate Change?
The 50 least developed countries are thought to have contributed 1% of the greenhouse gases that have caused global warming. The USA, the EU and China alone have contributed around 60%.
50
Who Does Climate Change Affect?
In the long term, everyone will feel the effects of climate change. However, some are currently more affected than others.
the wealth of prosperous countries has come from activities which contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. This wealth allows these countries to protect themselves from the effects of climate change.
Poorer countries are less able to adapt to climate change and therefore suffer the most from its effects. They are also less able to develop because they need to focus on addressing the challenges caused by climate change.
51
Climate Justice?
The impacts of climate change affect disadvantaged groups of people the most. The effect of climate change on these groups needs to be recognised and addressed.
Climate justice means looking at the climate crisis from the perspective of social justice. Solutions need to not only curb climate change; they need to protect and empower the most vulnerable groups of people too.
We have the responsibility to consider the most vulnerable when planning climate action. Remember, these groups of people contribute to climate change the least. This means putting the people and communities that are most vulnerable to the impact of climate change at the heart of development.
Climate solutions will not work if we do not address social justice issues. For example, if we do not address poverty, then unsustainable lifestyles will continue to damage ecosystems and we will fail to curb climate change.
52
Who can fix the climate change problem?
Governments can make laws and policies that reduce the amount of greenhouse gas emissions.
Businesses can change their processes to run more sustainably.
We can all make choices in our own lives that reduce our carbon footprint (the impact our actions and purchases have on climate change).
We can also use our voices to let businesses and governments know that we want them to act quickly to reduce their impact on climate change.
53
What are the innovations/opportunities related to climate change?
The transition to a low-carbon economy in the years ahead brings with it many opportunities.
Transitioning to low-carbon economies will provide lots of opportunity for innovation.
There will be a need for people leaving education to do things differently, to come up with new ideas for products and technologies and to explore new conservation methods. These opportunities are exciting!
New job sectors will be created and new skills will be valued in the jobs market. In the future, you may be applying for jobs that don’t even exist yet!
54
COP 26?
```
197 countries (parties) have signed up to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
The UNFCCC aims to prevent human activity from causing dangerous levels of climate change.
```
Every time the member nations meet it is called a COP, which stands for Conference of the Parties. They look at the current state of the climate and discuss the actions they will take to address climate change.
This November will see the 26th of these meetings taking place, so you will hear the event being described as COP26 as well as the UN Climate Change Conference. It hosted by the UK in Glasgow.
In 2015, at COP21 in Paris, the nations signed an agreement that set out an ambitious plan to tackle climate change. In the Paris Agreement, nations agreed to act together to restrict global temperature increases to 2°C and begin efforts to limit warming to 1.5°C.
To do this we will need to reach ‘net zero’ by 2050. This means that any carbon emissions will need to be balanced by removing carbon dioxide from the air.
The Paris Agreement instructed governments to renew their commitment to lowering their emissions every five years, each time becoming more ambitious. New Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) are due to be set by countries at COP26, so it is an important moment for the planet.
Global carbon dioxide emissions continued to rise after The Paris Agreement, and are now 62% higher than they were in 1990.
55
How many SD goals?
17 goals all related to each other
The 17 goals set out all of the things that need to be achieved to protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity.
56
What Can We Do to help?
As a school community, we can help in the fight against climate change and biodiversity loss by improving the sustainability of all aspects of our school life.
The changes that we make as a school are seen by lots of people in our local community. This means that we can influence positive change to spread through society.
57
Defining circular economy
Reduce material and energy use and waste through recycling, repair and reuse, combining economic and environmental gains.
58
Assessing circular economy
```
Material flows and waste statistics
Enablers/barriers
CE related policies
Product design and lifespan
Business models and trends
Environmental impacts/benefits
Economic impacts/benefits
```
59
Material flow statistics
Roughly 10 % of the materials used in Europe are recovered and reused.
This circularity rate varies from less than 1 % for materials like lithium and silicon to more than 50 % for silver and lead.
Waste volumes went up by 3 % between 2010 and 2016, but the share of recycled waste also grew (from 50-54 %).
Landfilling decreased from 29 % to 24 %.
60
COP 21 Paris
Though parties to the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) have
repeatedly failed to agree, hopes in the 21st Conferenc e
of Parties (COP21) in Paris. Rounds of talks have taken
place to develop a common text to be finalised and
adopted in Paris, while climate action plans
• (Intended Nationally Determined Contributions – INDCs)
have been submitted by nearly every country.
Unfortunately, and the collective impact of the INDCs ––
is expected to be insufficient to keep global warming to
less than 2°C by the end of the century. …
61
O% carbon?
More countries, regions, cities and
companies are establishing carbon neutrality
targets.
• Zero-carbon solutions are becoming
competitive across economic sectors
representing 25% of emissions
• This trend is most noticeable in the power
and transport sectors and has created many
new business opportunities for early
movers.
62
Trump and COP?
The United States ratified the document in September 2016, but on
August 4, 2017, Donald Trump began the official process of
withdrawing from the Agreement, which ended in November 2020. In
January 2021, the new US President, Joe Biden, signed the decision to return the United States to the Agreement .
63
What is the difference between INDC and NDC?
According to the global climate pact, a country's INDC is converted to
a Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) when it formally joins
the Paris Agreement by submitting an instrument of ratification,
acceptance, approval or accession, unless a country decides
otherwise.
64
Update of the NDC of the European Union and its
| Member States
Under Directive (EU) 2018/410 the EU Emissions Trading System: EU
will reduce its emissions from the sectors covered by this legislation by
43% from 2005 levels by 2030;
Under Regulation (EU) 2018/842, each EU Member State will reduce its
emissions from sectors outside the EU ETS from 2005 levels by 2030 in
accordance with the following percentage: Belgium 35%, Bulgaria 0%,
Czech Republic 14%, Denmark 39%, Germany 38%, Estonia 13%,
Ireland 30%, Greece 16%, Spain 26%, France 37%, Croatia 7%, Italy
33%, Cyprus 24%, Latvia 6%, Lithuania 9%, Luxembourg 40%, Hungary
7%, Malta 19%, Netherlands 36%, Austria 36%, Poland 7%, Portugal
17%, Romania 2%, Slovenia 15%, Slovakia 12%, Finland 39%, Sweden
40%.
65
UN Climate Change Deputy Executive
| Secretary, Ovais Sarmad,
• “The Paris Agreement calls for a transformation of our production
and consumption patterns – particularly in developed countries. That
means circular economy principles: using less resources, more
sustainable materials and recycling the ones we have used.” He
added: “Energy supply, transport, buildings and waste management
remain priority sectors for immediate climate action. In our
engagement with policymakers, business and investors on these
topics, the circular economy will be part of the agenda.
66
COP 26 Glasgow
• the package of decisions consists of a range of agreed items, including
strengthened efforts to build resilience to climate change, to curb
greenhouse gas emissions and to provide the necessary finance for
both. Nations f provide 100 billion dollars annually from developed to
developing countries. And they collectively agreed to work to reduce
the gap between existing emission reduction plans and what is
required to reduce emissions, so that the rise in the global average
temperature can be limited to 1.5 degrees. For the first time, nations
are called upon to phase down unabated coal power and inefficient
subsidies for fossil fuels.
67
55% below 1990?
We rate the EU’s 2030 domestic emissions reduction target of
reducing emissions by at least 55% below 1990 levels (including
LULUCF) as “Insufficient” when compared to its fair-share emissions
allocation. The “Insufficient” rating indicates that the EU’s fair-share
target in 2030 needs substantial improvement to be consistent with
the Paris Agreement’s 1.5°C temperature limit. Some of these
improvements should be made to the domestic emissions target
itself, others could come in the form of additional support for
emissions reductions achieved in developing countries in the form of
finance. If all countries followed the EU’s approach, warming would
reach up to 3°C.
68
Harm only far in the future? Wildfires
Wildfires in the Western USA have increased 6-fold in the last 30 years.
Similar trends are evident in other fire-prone regions
69
Worldwide we’re seeing, variously, increases in:
* floods
* wildfires
* droughts
* heat waves
* pest outbreaks
* coral bleaching events
* power of typhoons & hurricanes
* geographic range of tropical pathogens
All plausibly linked to climate change by theory, models, observed
“fingerprints”
70
Did “climategate” cast doubt on these
| conclusions?
• E-mails show climate scientists are human, too, and
that they resist sharing data with those they believe
have no interest in truth-seeking.
• IPCC missteps show need for following review
procedures rigorously, but errors discovered so far are
few and unimportant.
• IPCC is not the source of our understanding of climate
– it’s just one of the messengers. The sources are the
global community of climate scientists and the
mountain of peer-reviewed research they’ve
produced over decades.
71
Can’t afford to reduce climate-change risks?
• Our options going forward are only three:
mitigation
adaptation
suffering
• We’re doing all three now & will do more of all three;
what’s up for grabs is the mix.
• We need enough mitigation to avoid unmanage-able
climate change & enough adaptation to manage what we
don’t avoid.
• The costs of failing in this are likely to be far higher than
the costs of the mitigation & adaptation needed to
succeed.
72
Can’t afford to mitigate it?
• Current global CO2 emission rate from fossil fuels +
deforestation ≈ 10 billion tonnes of C per year.
Paying $100/tC to avoid ½ of it would be $0.5 trillion/year,
under 1% of GWP (much of it a transfer, not money down a
black hole).
• World spends 2.5% of GWP on defense; USA spends 5%
of GDP on defense, 2% on environmental protection.
• Mainstream models say mitigation to stabilize at 450-
550 ppmv CO2e → ~1-3% GWP loss (range 0.5-5%) in
2030, 2100.
73
Land grabbing – 600+ conflicts:
Booming palm oil production is behind a land-grabbing surge for plantations, which threatens communities. Palm oil is now in half of all packaged products sold in the supermarket. These plantations replace food crops, deprive farmers from their land, increase slave labour, cause environmental destruction like deforestation, water pollution, infertile soil and fires. Grassroots activist networks achieved temporary suspensions of further expansion of what they call green deserts in Honduras, Colombia, México, Indonesia and Myanmar.
74
Renewable energy conflict – 31 wind; 326 water infrastructure conflicts
Renewables are necessary in a post-carbon world, but mega dams like Narmada in India and mega wind projects in Mexico, Kenya, India are triggering conflicts.
Methane emissions and cost overruns are hidden behind a twisted sustainability discourse to justify a new wave of dams, especially in the Himalayas, Amazon basin, Balkans and Africa. In response, some rural communities are creating cooperative wind energy models as alternatives to the corporate schemes. These in turn reshape global production and consumption patterns. Also, communities expose the injustice of large-scale dam projects and redefine their own energy transformations.
75
How might environmental problems lead to conflict? (Homer-Dixon)
1. Changing environment shifts resources and power relations among states.
2. Poor nations become fed up and demand greater share of the world’s resources
3. Countries fight over water supplies and effects of upstream pollution.
76
8 Cornucopian Approach Faith that human market-driven ingenuity will produce/ substitute new resources to serve human needs and desires.
Problems with Cornucopian Approach (Homer-Dixon):
1. In past, scarcities usually due to single problems; now complex interactions.
2. In past, gradual emergence; now rapid due to population, consumption.
3. Market-driven adaptation likely in wealthy societies, but not in poor countries where biggest problems.
4. No a priori reason to think past abilities will be like future.
77
What is CSR?
Corporate Social responsibility
EU definition: concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis
buzzword since 1990s but exist since 1970s
business not only about growth and profit but also about social responsibility and environmental impact
78
Key Issues in CSR:
```
Labour rights:
child labour
forced labour
right to organise
safety and health
```
Environmental conditions:
water & air emissions
climate change
Human rights:
cooperation with paramilitary forces
complicity in extra-judicial killings
Poverty Alleviation:
job creation
public revenues
skills and technology
79
What about global context?
Liberalisation of markets – reduction of the regulatory approach
Emergence of global giants, consolidation of market share
Development of the ‘embedded firm’ and the global value chain
Development of supplier networks in developing countries
80
Key drivers of CSR:
```
Around the world:
NGO Activism
Responsible investment
Litigation
Gov & IGO initiatives
```
```
Developing Countries:
Foreign customers
Domestic consumers
FDI
Government & IGO
```
81
Key Drivers: NGO Activism
Facilitators: IT (esp Internet), media, low cost travel
Boycotts, brand damage, influence legislation, domino effect
e.g. Shell in Nigeria, Exxon in Cameroon, Sinopec in Sudan, Apparel Industry (Nike, Gap), GMO, Wood Products, etc.
82
Key Drivers: Responsible Investment
Roots of: South Africa Apartheid Divestment
Significant size: US SRI = 2.3 trillion $ in 2005 or 10% of all professionally managed investments
Shareholder activism: shareholder resolutions; voting process
Influence corporate reporting and disclosure requirements
New rules on CSR reporting
83
6 Principles for Responsible Investment
Signatories will
1 …incorporate ESG issues into investment analysis and decision-making processes.
2 …be active owners and incorporate ESG issues into our ownership policies and practices.
3 …seek appropriate disclosure on ESG issues by the entities in which we invest.
4 …promote acceptance and implementation of the Principles within the investment industry.
5 …work together to enhance our effectiveness in implementing the Principles.
6 …each report on our activities and progress towards implementing the Principles.
84
Key Drivers: Litigation
Foreign Direct Liability
Alien Tort Claims Act (ATCA): human rights, environmental rights
Unocal Burma
Coca-Cola Columbia
Rio Tinto Papau New Guinea
Del Monte Guatemala
The Gap Saipan
Shell Nigeria Other tools: RICO, False Advertising
E.g. Saipan ‘sweatshop’ cases; Katsky v. Nike
85
United Nations Initiatives:
UN Global Compact
UN Principles for Responsible Investment
UNEP Equator Principles
ILO Tripartite Declaration of Principles concerning Multinational Enterprises and Social Policy (MNE Declaration)
UNHCHR Business and Human Rights
UNODC Anti-corruption
UNCTAD Corporate Responsibility Reporting, World Investment Report
86
Implications for Enterprises
New social and product liability patterns
Development of Codes of Conduct and CSR reporting
Expanding sphere of influence
Application of Code of Conduct to value chain
CSR management: value chain management = compliance management
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Example of CSR case study: J&J
An excellent example of CSR on the frontline is big pharma pioneer Johnson & Johnson. They have focused on reducing their impact on the planet for three decades. Their initiatives range from leveraging the power of the wind to providing safe water to communities around the world. Their purchase of a privately-owned energy supplier in the Texas Panhandle allowed the company to reduce pollution while providing a renewable, economical alternative to electricity. The company continues to seek out renewable energy options with the goal of having 100% of its energy needs from renewable sources by 2025.
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The main groups which compose the precariat class:
Temporary jobs with a weak and
fragile situation, low incomes.
In most counrties, the number of
workers in temporary jobs and
unstable statuses is rising.
This situation cannot promote
social stability
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Part –time job:
Part-time employment
becomes a feature of the
world tertiary economy,
unlike industrial societies.
Part-time jobs conceal the
extent of employment
and unemployment.
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Little pay for hard work:
The growing army in
call centres, a sinister
symbol of
globalisation.
```
All over the world,
recent graduates,
current students and
pre-students work for
little pay.
```
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What about internships and precariat:
Internships are considered as a
potential path to precariat.
```
Intern programmes launched
by many governments is a
phenomenon to conceal the
growing youth unemployment
rate
```
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The Consequences of Precariousness
• Precariat is not just a matter of insecure, or
part-time or fixed-term jobs.
• It is a status that offers no sense of career,
no sense of secure identity and future.
• Many of us fear falling into the precariat or
fear for our friends and family.
Precariat can easily
lead to social
tensions in poor and
rich countries.
Precarity may lead to
populism and
extremism
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Why
precariousness
is growing ?
Our global market economy,
based on competition and
individualism, is the main
reason.
Competition (and flexibility) is
good for us as consumers:
• Competition in all areas and at all levels
• But, competition asks for more sacrifice from workers and
employees.
• More stress, more insecurity and psychological problems.
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Technology and the precariousness:
Technology threatens millions of jobs across the world
Technology today is “blind to the color of your collar.” It doesn’t matter whether you’re a factory worker, a financial advisor or a professional flute-player: automation is coming for you. Jerry Kaplan
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The Precariat:
Precariat is a condition that could happen to most of
us
Precariat does not include only victims, many
reasons are behind entering in a pecarious situation.
Different varieties of precariat.
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And the
| future ?
Capitalism remains the only economic system that enables wealth creation and boosting innovation
but
Captitalism needs to be softened, humanized and moralized
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The role of
the State
with
Globalization
?
```
The more a state becomes global, the more it loses power
The more a company becomes global, the more it gains power
