Final Exam Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
Edentulous
A
Without teeth (like a newborn)
2
Q
Deciduous teeth
A
Primary (puppy) teeth
3
Q
Permanent teeth
A
Adult teeth
4
Q
Mixed dentition
A
Both deciduous and permanent teeth
5
Q
What is the crown covered by
A
Enamel
6
Q
What is the hardest substance in the body
A
Enamel
7
Q
What is enamel formed by
A
Ameloblasts
8
Q
T/F teeth can have more than one root
A
True
9
Q
What is a root fraction
A
Where the roots diverge on a tooth
10
Q
What is the end (apex) of the root called
A
Foramen
11
Q
What is in the apex (apical area) of the root of the tooth
A
The apical area (inside the apex) contains the nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics in the pulp of root
12
Q
What is unique to dogs and cats in terms of the foramen
A
There are multiple foramen forming an apical delta
13
Q
What is seen radiographically seen as a white line
A
The lamina dura
14
Q
What is the importance of the lamina dura
A
It is an attachment surface for sharpey’s fibers of the periodontal ligament and an intact lamina dura is a sign of a healthy periodontium
15
Q
What is the peridontal ligament formed by
A
Collagen fiber bundles called sharpy’s fibers and with blood vessels and nerves
16
Q
What does the cementum cover and what is it excreted by
A
Covers the roots and allows attachment of periodontal ligament and is excreted by cementoblasts
17
Q
What is the second hardest tissue in the body
A
Dentin
18
Q
What is dentin formed by
A
Odontoblasts
19
Q
When does primary dentin form and where is it compared to other tooth structures
A
It forms before tooth eruption and is the outermost layer of dentin, borders enamel
20
Q
When is secondary dentin formed and what does secondary dentin cause
A
After the root is completely formed and its formation results in the narrowing of the pulp chamber over time (with age)
21
Q
When is tertiary dentin (reparative) formed
A
Response to trauma to the odontoblasts, darker in color, no nerve fibers
Can be formed by gradual wear (attrition/abrasion)
22
Q
What is the pulp? What is located inside?
A
The living tissue within the tooth, located in the pulp channel and canal are connective tissue nerves, lymph, blood vessels, collagen, odontoblasts
23
Q
What does pulp enter the tooth through
A
Apical delta
24
Q
What nerve gives off myelinated fibers for the pulp
A
Trigeminal nerve
25
What is the response called when there is damage to the tooth, dentin, and root
Pulpitis
26
What is the difference between attached and free gingiva
Attached is adhered to the subgingival connective tissue and bone and free is the margin that surrounds the tooth
27
An old dog has ginigival recession, has its mucogingival junction moved with the recession?
No, the MCJ remains stationary during life
28
What is the normal depth for the gingival sulcus of cats and dogs
Cats 0.5-1 MM and dogs 1-3 MM
29
What are incisors for
Cutting, scooping, grooming (usually one root)
30
what are canines for
Holding prey, slashing, tearing, holds tongue in (one root)
31
What are premolars for
Holding, carrying, breaking food into smaller pieces (shearing) (normally 2 roots except maxillary PM4 with 3 roots)
32
What are molars for
Grinding food, but cats don’t have true grinding surfaces (b/c obligate carnivores)
33
What is the canine permanent teeth formula
2( I 3/3, C 1/1, P 4/4, M 2/3)= 42
34
How many teeth are in the maxilla and mandible of a dog
The maxilla has 20 teeth and mandible has 22 teeth
35
What is the dental formula for permanent teeth in cats
2 (I 3/3, C 1/1, P 3/2, M 1/1)= 30
36
What is the difference in the tooth formula between cats and dogs
There are no maxillary 1st premolar and no mandibular 1st or 2nd premolars in cats
37
How many teeth are in the maxilla and mandible of a cat
16 in maxilla and 14 in mandible
38
What does the first digit of the triad an numbering system give, and say which each one is in adult dogs and puppies
The quadrant
Upper right= 100, 500
Upper left= 200, 600
Lower left= 300, 700
Lower right= 400, 800
39
What do the second and third numbers in the triadan numbering system denote
The tooth position within the quadrant and the sequence starts at the midline
40
What number is the central incisor in dogs
_01 (101,201,301,401)
41
What number is the canine in dogs
_04
42
What numbers are the premolars in dogs
_05-_08 with last premolar being _08
43
What number is the first molar in dogs
_09
44
What is the numbering for the quadrants in cats
Right upper= 100
Left upper= 200
Left lower= 300
Right lower=400
45
What is the numbering system for quadrants for deciduous teeth in dogs
Upper right= 500
Upper left= 600
Lower left= 700
Lower right= 800
46
What teeth are cats missing
105/205 and 305/405 and 306/406
47
What is the occlusal surface of a tooth
The surface of the tooth facing the opposite arcade
48
What is the medial surface of the teeth
The surface of the teeth that is directed toward the midline
49
What is the distal surface of the teeth
The surface opposite from the medial surface, facing the back of the mouth
50
What is the lingual surface of the teeth
The surface facing the tongue
51
What is the palatial surface
The surface facing the palate (maxillary teeth)
52
what is a malocclusion
A discrepancy in alignment in opposing dental arches or an abnormal relationship between teeth
53
What is a class one malocclusion
One or more misplaced or rotated teeth with normal occlusion
54
What is class 2 malocclusion
An overbite
55
What is a class III malocclusion
An underbite
56
What are the number one teeth in a cat to have tooth reabsorption on
307 and 407
57
What is important to do when using an elevator
Use the short finger stop method to protect the patient from injury- keeps you from accidentally stabbing in too far and potentially going up into somewhere like the eye!
58
How far should you stick your needle in for the infraorbital block
2-3 mm
59
What normally gets smaller as the tooth ages
The pulp
60
What should you check on radiographs because it may not be fused in small dogs and cats
The mandibular symphysis
61
What is periodontal disease?
Inflammation of the periodontium (periodontal ligament, gingiva, cementum and alveolar bone)
62
What should be the professional determinant for professional therapy (a COHAT)
gingival inflammation
63
what are the three stages of plaque formation
1. Formation of the pellicle
2. Initial adhesion and attachment of bacteria
3. Bacterial colonization and plaque maturation
64
How soon does the pellicle for plaque formation form
immediately after prophylaxis (COHAT)
65
On what type of tooth surfaces is there irreversible bonding of bacteria more likely
irregular or rough surfaces
66
In the third step of plaque formation what is formed and what is it made of
a biofilm containing oral bacteria, salivary glycoproteins, and extracellular polysaccharides
67
Things like enamel hypolasia, tooth resorption, crown fractures, and excessive wear make an animal prone to what
more prone to developing plaque
68
what is the difference between attrition and abrasion
attrition is tooth on tooth contact causing tooth wear and abrasion is tooth wear from other surface contact
69
How fast do bacteria colonize a tooth and what can you do to prevent that
If plaque is not disturbed by brushing, bacteria will colonize a tooth in 24 hours and that attachment is irreversible
70
What changes to the bacterial flora are caused due to gingivitis
increase in overall numbers of bacteria, increase in gram-negative rods, and increase in anaerobic species
71
Antibiotic therapy in veterinary dentistry is controversial, but if needed what antibiotics may be used
amoxicillin- clavulanate, clindamycin, doxycycline, tetracycline
72
where does calculus (tartar) accumulate faster?
On the buccal surface of the maxillary teeth, especially Maxillary PM4 (108 and 208)
73
What are the four stages of periodontal disease and after what stage is it irreversible
Stage 0- no pathology, healthy tissue
Stage 1- gingivitis, no bone loss
Stage 2- Periodontitis with less than 25% bone loss
Stage 3- Periodontitis with 25-50% bone loss
Stage 4- Periodontitis with more than 25% bone loss
Only stage 1 is reversible, irreversible after that
74
What is the gingiva scored on (scale of what to what) during charting
a scale of 0-3, normal inflammation up to severe inflammation with marked redness, edema, ulceration, spontaneous bleeding, and hypertrophy
75
decreases in what can increase risk of periodontal disease
saliva production
76
At what stage of periodontal disease are extractions due to tooth and bone decay usually recommended
stage 3 and higher (there is a little bone loss with stage two but usually just routine dental cleanings and diligent homecare are recommended)
77
At what stage of furcation does the probe go all the way through
stage 3, the last stage
78
what is the criteria for the stages of tooth mobility when charting
Stage 0- normal physiological mobility up to 0.2mm
Stage 1- mobility is increased in any direction other than axial over a distance of 0.2mm- 0.5mm
Stage 2- mobility is increased in any direction other than axial over a distance of 0.5mm- 1mm
Stage 3- mobility is increased in any direction other than axial over a distance of 1mm or axial movement
79
Can you stage periodontal disease on an awake patient
not really, you need to be able to probe and FULL radiographic study to determine the distance between the cementoenamel junction and the gingival attachment
80
what is the number one cause of suture line failure in the oral cavity
excessive tension on the sutures
81
T/F X-rays are the standard of care
true! easy to miss things without them
82
Does the pulp get larger or smaller with age
smaller
83
What blade size is used in oral surgery
a size 15 blade
84
What type of drill bits are used for removing bone, sectioning teeth, and smoothing bone
round for removing bone, cross-cut for sectioning bone, and diamond for smoothing
85
What is the difference between a winged elevator and a luxator
a winged elevator is used to wear and weaken the periodontal ligament like stretching a rubber band until it snaps (uses rotational force)
a locator cuts the periodontal ligament in a circular cutting motion around the teeth
86
What tool is used to remove tissues from cyst walls and alveolar sockets
bone curettes
87
Mandibular retained deciduous teeth are usually retained how
lateral (buccal) to the adult teeth
88
maxillary retained deciduous teeth are usually retained how
caudal to the adult teeth
89
What is the number one complication with extractions
fracture of the cranial mandible
90
What is the difference between gingival hyperplasia and overgrowth
hyperplasia is a pathological growth from an increase in cells and overgrowth is increase in volume due to excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins
91
What drug can cause gingival hyperplasia as a side effect
cyclosporine
92
what is the treatment for gingival hyperplasia
withdrawal of a drug if that could be the reason or gingivectomy
93
what is the most common tooth to form a dentigerous cyst and what breeds are prone to them
Premolar 1 (105, 205, 305, 405), often bilaterally and brachycephalic breeds
94
What are complications with dentigerous cysts and how can you treat them
they aren't usually painful but can lead to pathological fractures, best treatment is extraction of the unerrupted tooth and removal of the entire cyst wall
95
what are the most common deciduous teeth to be retained and in what type of dogs
canines in small breed dogs
96
what teeth areas are where oro-nasal fistulas form
incisor, canines, and premolar areas
97
what kind of fistula is found in the caudal premolar and molar areas
oro-antral fistula
98
what is the number one rule when repairing oro-nasal fistulas
the best chance of repair is the first time!
99
what is the difference between endodontic and periodontic disease
endodontic is disease originating from the pulp cavity and periodontal is disease originating from outside the tooth
100
what can be a big determinant of if a fractured tooth can be saved or not
if there is pulp canal exposure
101
what is CUPS and a potential cause of it
Chronic Ulcerative Periodontal Stomatitis- though to be a hypersensitive immune response to bacteria and plaque on the teeth surfaces
102
What are potential "treatments" for CUPS
super regular COHATs (3-4 months) and maybe with a sealant, also daily brushing, chlorahexadine rinse, and corticosteroids or cyclosporine, may need a full mouth extraction
103
what is the difference between enamel hypocalcification and enamel hypoplasia
hypo calcification is a defect in the quality of the enamel and it causes it to be softer whereas hypoplasia is a defect in the quantity of the enamel
104
What is theorized to be the main inciting factor for feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS)
Plaque bacteria and Pasturella multocida is over represented
105
What is the presentation of a cat with FCGS
Painful, dropping food, weight loss, halitosis, ulcerations that extend past the mucogingival junction and on the palatoglossal arch
106
What will you see on lab work of a cat with FCGS
Hyperproteinemia and neutrophilia
107
What is the standard of care for a cat with FCGS
Surgical extractions of the full or partial mouth
108
What looks like FCGS but is in young cats and what is the difference
Feline juvenile onset gingivitis/ periodontitis but it is typically not painful unlike FCGS
109
What is the treatment for juvenile gingivitis
Routine COHATs every 3+ months and brushing and chlorahexidine rinse at home with dental diets
110
T/F tooth resorption is usually symmetrical
True
111
What is the most common tooth affected by resorptions
Mandibular 3rd premolar (307 and 407)
112
What is a type 1 vs. type 2 tooth resorption
A type one has a lesion on the crown and a distinct periodontal ligament space is usually seen, type one is usually associated with inflammation and periodontal disease
Type 2 is a loss of the periodontal ligament space surrounding the tooth and is visualized radiographically and is thought to be idiopathic
113
T/F if a tooth has a type one resorption it can’t get type 2
False, a tooth can have both
114
You have a tooth resorption and to treat it fortunately you can just do a crown amputation, what type of resorption is it?
Type 2
115
What type of tooth root resorption can be prevented with good oral hygiene
Type 1
116
Are tooth root resorptions painful
YES! TOC is extraction
117
What is the most common cause of feline oral tumors and are they usually malignant
Squamous cell carcinoma and yes they are usually malignant (90%)
118
What causes a tooth to appear “super erupted” and the cats often become frantic because they can’t close their mouth and there is usually a clicking sound
Alveolar osteitis/extrusion
119
At what stages of periodontal disease should you schedule a COHAT
Stage 1 (gingivitis) and stage 2 (early periodontitis)
Especially stage one if they will do it
120
Who’s seal should you look for on dental treats and products
VOHC (Veterinary Oral Health Council)
121
How soft should the things be your dog chews
Soft enough to leave a fingernail mark
122
What is the best preventative for oral health
Tooth brushing daily!
