Final Exam Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
What is emotion?
A
They can be a way and a reaction to expressed our feelings
2
Q
What is the Theory that Charles Darwin has search?
A
Discrete Emotions Theory
3
Q
What is explained by the discrete emotions theory?
A
emotions are innate (born with)
discrete emotions expressed even before understanding
4
Q
What is Functionalist perspective on emotion?
A
functional use of emotion
goal directed
envrionmental influences
5
Q
What are the Big six?
A
1- Happiness
2- Fear
3- Anger
4- Sadness
5- Disgust
6- Surprise
6
Q
What are the stages of happiness?
A
few days old: smile when touched
first month: Smiling in sleep
3-8 weeks : smile to attention + grabbing stimuli
Early Childhood: Humour
7
Q
What are the stages of Fear?
A
7 months: stranger anxiety
8-15 months: sepration anxiety
Early childhood: imaginary fear
School-aged: anxieties
8
Q
What are the stages of Anger?
A
Infancy: Angry-sad
1 year: true anger
18-24 months: react with anger
Preschool; No consideration of others intentions
School-aged: consideration of intention
Adolescence: family tensions
9
Q
What are the stages of Sadness?
A
Infancy: sadness and lack of control + sadness less expressed through development
10
Q
What is Disgust?
A
Can be learned from environement
Infancy: mostly food-based
11
Q
What is Surprise?
A
Startle reflex
When the world surprises us
12
Q
What is explained as societal influences and requires a sense of self- 2 years?
A
Self-Conscious Emotions
13
Q
What are the 6 emotions of the self-conscious emotions?
A
Guilt
Shame
Embarassment
Jealousy
Empathy
pride
14
Q
What is Guilt?
A
Empathy based – regret and remorse (2-3years)
15
Q
What is Shame?
A
focsue on self – personal failure + shame is not universal
16
Q
What is explained as the individuals differences in emotion, activity level and attention
it is present since birth and is biologically based?
A
Temperament
17
Q
What’s the difference between temperament and Personality?
A
temperament: the individual differences in emotion, activity level and attention
Personality:
who the person is / internal sense of self
18
Q
What are the characteristics that make us different from one another and last over time and situations?
A
Individuals Differences
19
Q
What is the two biological Differences?
A
Hormones
Brain structure
20
Q
what is the hormone that is linked to happiness and well-being?
A
Serotonin
21
Q
What is the hormone that is linked to pleasure?
A
Dopamine
22
Q
What is the hormone that is linked to aggression?
A
Testosterone
23
Q
What is the hormone associated with social interest and is most present in childhood?
A
Oxytocin
24
Q
Which part of the brain structure is involved with emotional regulation?
A
Limbic System
25
What is explained by individuals that are more easily "triggered by emotions?
reactivity
26
what are the 3 methods of measruing temperament?
Parent reports
Physiological Measures
Observational data
26
what are the 3 methods of measruing temperament?
Parent reports
Physiological Measures
Observational data
27
What is the Rothbart's Temperament?
Extraversion/Surgency
Negative Affect
Effortful Control
Affiliativeness
28
How does temperament change?
influence by the environment?
- Caregivers
- Siblings
- Peers
- Culture
Influence by experience
- learning new skills
- encountering a variety of scenarios
29
What is the Goodness of Fit?
The goodness of fit refers to how well the child's temperament matches the parent's temperament or even that of his teacher. Adults have specific behavioural styles or temperaments just like children.
Seperates into two categories
1- Caregivers
2- Environement
30
What is explained by the environmental interactions is not "one size fits all"
and that some children are more easily stressed vs the children that show more resilience.
Differential Susceptibility
31
What is Behavioural Inhibition?
it appears early in life and demonstrates stability across development
32
How does Infants and toddlerhood is affected by behavioural inhibition?
negative reactions to novelty
withdrawal from novel/unfamiliar social and nonsocial situations
33
How do older children is affected by behavioural inhibition?
Hyper-vigilance
fearfulness
withdrawal
34
What are the social difficulties in the Psychosocial Outcomes of BI?
- Poor social skills
- low quality peer relationships
- perceived social incompetence
35
What are the academic difficulties in the Psychosocial Outcomes of BI
- lower academic achievement
- poorer school readiness
36
What is the psychopathology in the Psychosocial Outcomes of BI?
- 4-7 times as likely to develop a social anxiety disorder
- 50% of children with BI will develop an anxiety disorder
37
At about 3 month, what infant are starting to distinguish?
happiness, surprise, anger
38
At about 7 months, infants are starting to distinguish which emotion?
fear, sadness, interest
39
at 12 months, Infants are starting to distinguish which emotion?
social referencing
40
At 3 years old, Infants are starting to ..
label emotions
41
Understanding fake emotions
3 years old: failure to hide emotions
5 years old: understand fake emotions
4-6 years old: understand deception by others
42
What is defined by the expert that controls over one's emotional state?
Emotion regulation
43
What is defined by when the infant is experiencing self-comfort behaviours (thumb sucking, hair twirling) and self-distraction: avoid upsetting stimulus?
Behavioural Regulation
44
What is the expression of appropriate emotions?
Modelling emotions
45
What is the developmentally appropriate milestone?
- Crying
- Separation Anxiety
- Temper Tantrums
46
Which Milestone of development is defined by communicates needs, wants and fears and often tied to the lack of understanding and language?
Crying
47
Which Milestone of Development is defined when the caregivers are the entire world to young children?
Separation Anxiety
48
What is defined as often tied to a sense of frustration and lack of control?
Temper Tantrums
49
What is defined by the feelings of pressure and being overwhelmed and this can result in internalizing or externalizing emotional effects?
Stress
50
What is the Flight response?
run away from stressors
51
What is the Fight response?
Confront stressors
52
What happens when we can't run away or fight?
stress
53
What is traumatic stress?
can be due to one significant event (car accident, school shooting)
trauma can also be continuous
54
What is resilience?
the ability to recouvre from trauma, adversité or difficult circumstances.
55
What is defined as the difference between acting out and EBD?
Externalizing Behaviours
56
What is defined as often missed and immaturity/withdrawal/depression?
Internalizing Behaviours
57
What is Depression?
sad or irritable mood
experience mood changes for 2 weeks+
nature and nurture
58
What is Anxiety?
Inability to regulate emotions of fear and worry -- excessive fear of real or perceived threats
nature and nurture
59
What is defined as the persistent pattern of anger, irritability, and defiance?
Oppositional Defiance Disorder (ODD)
60
What is defined by antisocal Behaviours?
Conduct Disorder (CD)
61
What are the 2 socio-emotional characteristics?
Externalizing Behaviours (turned outwards)
Internalizing Behaviours (turned inwards)
62
What's the difference between ODD and CD?
ODD = resistance of control by authority
CD = Resistance of control / react with attempts to reverse control -- via aggression
63
What is described as The Self?
- Physical Characteristics
- Personality traits
- Personal preferences
- Social and Familial relationships
- Ethnicity, culture, national origin
64
What is described as the system made up of one's thoughts and attitude about oneself ad changes over time?
Self-Concept
65
Which stage of Freud is when babies have gratification and pleasure via oral activity?
Oral Stage (0-1 year)
66
Which stage of Freud is when the infant has gratification and pleasure via control of bowel movements?
Anal Stage (1-2 years)
67
Which stage of Freud focused and awareness of genitalia, the rise of gender differences and the start of the superego?
Phallic stage (3-6 years)
68
Which stage of Freud is described as the period of relative calm?
Latency Period (6-12 years)
69
Which stage of Erikson is when infant has trust in caregivers?
Basic Trust vs Mistrust (0-1.5 years)
70
Which stage of Erikson is when it start of balancing autonomy with social demands and reflects increase in motor skills, cognitive abilities and language?
Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt (1.5-3years)
71
which stage of Erikson is described as the identification with parents and learning and the development of conscience?
Initiative vs Guilt (4-6 years)
72
Which stage of Erikson is when the ego is developing cognitive and social skills to interact with their social world?
Industry vs Inferiority?
73
What is defined as the start of self-concept?
Physical Self
Environmental learning
74
What is the Childhood Self-Concept?
Susan Harter: observations and evaluations of others (direct / indirect)
75
What are the characteristics of Self-concept of Early to Middle Childhood?
- concrete, observable characteristics
- physical activities and abilities
- psychological traits
- preferences
- confidence
76
What are the characteristics of Self-Concept of Middle to Late childhood?
- higher-order concepts
- self-representations can conflict
- social comparison
- more balance
- more realistic
77
What is the social comparison?
Comparing oneself to others
78
What is described as the social construct that is politically historically, and socially informed.
Race
79
What is described as the Multi-dimensional social construct that refers to a sense of group belonging based on shared characteristics such as geographic origins, cultural traditions, language and/or religion?
Ethnicity
80
What are the benefits of strong identity?
- higher self-esteem , well-being
- less emotional and behavioural problems
- buffered from negative effects of discrimination
81
What is the process of adjusting to a new culture while retaining some aspects of one's culture or origin?
Acculturation
82
What is described as the minority group culture comes to resemble majority culture?
Assimilation
83
What is the term described by comfortable identification wih majority culture and own ethnic culture?
Bi-cultural
84
What is self-esteem?
The overall subjective evaluation of their own worth and the feelings they have about the evaluation (low self-esteem / high self-esteem)
85
What are the sources of Self-esteem?
- age
- gender
- other's approval and evaluation (parents/peers)
86
What is social cognition?
how children play a role in their own development
previous theories: psychoanalytic/behavioural...
87
How many stages are they in the infancy social-cognitive?
4
stage 1 = 6-8 years
stage 2 = 8-10 years
stage 3 = 10-12 years
stage 4 = 12+
88
Which of the 4 stages of infancy social-cognitive is when other people have different perspectives and others are limited by a lack of information?
stage 1
89
Which of the 4 stages of infancy social-cognitive is when other people have different perspectives and have reason about other's perspectives?
Stage 2
90
Which of the 4 stages of infancy social-cognitive is when there is a comparison of own and others' perspectives?
Stage 3
91
Which of the 4 stages of infancy social-cognitive is the understanding others via comparison to "generalized other"?
Stage 4
92
What is defined as the "searching" for evidence of hostile intent in others and has a self-fulfilling prophecy risk?
Hostile Attribution Bias
93
Who created the Information Processing Theory of social problem-solving?
Dodge
94
Who created the theory of self-Attribution and Achievement?
Dweck
95
What is defined as learning goals and performance goals?
Achievement motivation
96
What is defined as when the intelligence is fixed, we have an outcome-focused and failure results in helplessness?
Entity theory
97
What is defined as when intelligence develops, success is achieved through effort and the process focused?
Incremental theory
98
From who this theory is taking: "social development comes through taking others' perspectives?"
Selman & Role Taking
99
From who this theory is taken: " taking social information and processing through individual unique perspectives?"
Dodge & Information Processing
100
From who's theory is taken: " development can be viewed through motivation and concept of fixedness vs change"?
Dweck & Self-Attribution / Motivation
101
What is defined as the evolution based on behavioural patterns that have adaptive or survival value?
Ethology
102
What is the Evolutionary Psychology?
is when certain genes interact with environment, in an adaptive way.
103
What is the Investment Theory?
The continuation of genes - cost of raising child
104
What are the 4 systems in the Bioecological Model?
- Microsystem
- Mesosystem
- Exosystem
- Macrosystem
105
Which system from the Bioecological Model is defined as the immediate environment and the direct participation?
Microsystem
106
Which system from the Bioecological Model is defined as the interconnections among microsystems?
Mesosystem
107
Which system from the Bioecological Model is defined as the environmental settings and the do direct contact but is still influential?
Exosystem
108
Which system from the bioecological Model is defined as the society and the general beliefs, values, customs and laws?
Macrosystem
109
What are the benefits of Media?
- Educational media
- Sesame street
110
What are the negatives effect of Media?
Exposure to:
- violence
- pornography
- Social media
Developmental outcomes:
- academics
- screen time
