Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Ling 201 final > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

(99 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is language?

A

A distinctive mental capacity of human beings. (unconsciously learned)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Language as a mental capacity

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is grammar?

A

The rules of a language.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Descriptive grammar

A

The patterns of grammaticality according to how people actually use language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Prescriptive grammar

A

Claim about how people ‘should’ use language, based on cultural authority

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Macro language

A

English as a whole, averaging micro language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Micro language

A

The language inside of your brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Universal Grammar

A

The idea that humans are born predisposed to expect certain properties from language. Babies are born with a blueprint!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Human language

A

Semanticity, Arbitrariness, Discreteness, Displacement, Productivity, & Duality of patterning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Animal communication

A

the mutually beneficial production of a signal by a signaler resulting in a behavioral change in a receiver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Bilingualism

A

The state of fluency in two languages, comes with cognitive benefits. DOES NOT cause problems in children.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Codeswitching

A

The practice of alternating between two (or more) languages in the same stretch of discourse.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

First language acquisition

A

a built-in program where kids are born ready to use language exposure to acquire linguistic signs, patterns, & rules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Second language acquisition

A

Past the critical period, Transfer effects, no guarantee of success.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Aphasia

A

Any speech disorder resulting from brain damage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

A

Speech disorder that has simplified structure, loss of function words. Also known as non-fluent or agrammatic aphasia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

Speech disorder that is structurally similar to regular speech but the semantic content of the words is confused. Also known as fluent aphasia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Areas of the brain

A

Broca’s area and Wernicke’s are both located in the left hemisphere.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How we study language and the brain

A

Lab studies, looking at brain injuries, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is phonetics

A

The science of speech sounds and signs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Articulatory phonetics

A

Studies how the articulatory apparatus produces speech or sign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Acoustic phonetics

A

studies the properties of the sound waves constituting speech sounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Perceptual phonetics

A

studies how we hear, see, and perceive speech sounds or signs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Transcription, IPA

A

The universal phonetic alphabet (IPA CHART)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Three parameters to describe consonants
Voicing, place of articulation, manner of articulation
26
How we distinguish vowels
Height, frontness, rounding
27
Phoneme
A sound category in the mind of a speaker
28
Allophone
Different pronunciations of a phoneme which are chosen depending on the phonological environment
29
Minimal Pairs
When one phoneme is different in the same environment. Pat vs. Bat
30
Phonology
The study of sound patterns
31
Syllables (the rules)
A unit of sound -- one 'beat' of rhythm
32
Phonological rules in our head
Memorized phonemic forms + allophonic rules
33
Phonological rules
An unconscious grammatical rule that determines part of the sound pattern of a language
34
Phonological environments
Where the sound occurs in a word and with respect to other sounds
35
Allophonic rules
express context dependent variation in the narrow phonetic transcription associated with a phonetic unit
36
Morpheme specific phonological rules
Phonological rule- a method for describing the way in which individuals sounds are produced in spoken languages
37
Tone
Pitch that is used to distinguish some words and morphemes from others
38
Sound patterns in language change
if we substitute one sound for another in a word there is a change of meaning and 2 different sounds represent different phonemes
39
Morphology
The study of word structure
40
Morphemes
The minimal meaningful unit of a language
41
Allomorphs
Like allophones; these are different forms of a morpheme
42
Prefixes
Affixes that come before the root
43
Suffixes
Affixes that come after the root
44
Infixes
Affixes that go inside the root
45
Circumfixes
Affixes that go on both sides of the root
46
Bound morpheme
A morpheme that cant stand on its own as a word
47
Free morpheme
A morpheme that can stand on its own as a word
48
Inflectional affixes
An affix that plays the role of indicating basic grammatical information about the word they are attached to. walk vs. walked
49
Derivational affixes
An affix that adds meaning to derive a new word. drive vs. driver
50
Word structure
the admissible arrangement of sounds in words
51
Compounding
A word that consists of two or more words that act like a single word together
52
Acronym
Words that got their start from abbreviations. ex. covid, lol, LGBTQ
53
Eponyms
Words that start as proper names but take on a more general meaning. ex. google (conduct an online search)
54
Clipping
A way of forming words by cutting off parts of an existing word. ex. insta
55
Blend
A word that mashes two (or more) words together. ex. Friendsgiving
56
Morphological typology
A way of classifying the languages of the world by looking at their common morphological structures
57
Syntax
The study of sentence structure
58
Grammaticality
is determined by the conformity of language usage as derived by the grammar of particular speech variety the goal of which is to formulate rules that define well formed grammatical sentences
59
Semantic Anomaly
in terms of combination and interaction of the elements of language in the different context which may create ambiguity
60
Word class/ Syntactic category
a set of words and or phrases in a language which share a significant number of common characteristics
61
Constituents
62
Phrase structure rules
63
Generative grammar
designed generate all grammatical sentences while failing to generate all ungrammatical sentences model theory that captures the unconscious syntactic rules that are part of our mental grammar of English
64
Recursion
the repeated sequential use of a particular type of linguistic element or grammatical structure
65
Syntactic ambiguity
the potential of multiple interpretations for a piece of written or spoken language because of the way words or phrases are organized
66
Transformational rules
a grammar a rule that converts one phrase marker into another
67
Speech acts
an utterance that serves a function in communication
68
Case
a change in the form of a word which indicates how that word is used in a sentence
69
Pronouns
Replace noun phrases
70
Semantics
the study of the meaning of words and sentences
71
Different kinds of meaning
72
Compositionality
a concept in the philosophy of language
73
Truth conditions
the condition under which a sentence is true
74
Entailment
a specific kind of relationship between two sentences
75
Lexical semantics
76
Generality
the quality or state of being general rather than specific or detailed
77
Cross-linguistic differences
the different ways in which one language can affect another within an individual speaker
78
Language and thought
79
Pragmatics
the study of the use of natural language in communication
80
Conversational implicature
these are pragmatic inferences
81
Cooperative principle (the four maxims)
encompasses a number of maxims such as "avoid obscurity" "do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence" "make your contribution as informative as is required' "be relevant"
82
Politeness theory
as the ways in which language is employed in conversation to show consideration for the feelings and desires of ones interlocutors
83
In what ways are languages related
84
Diachronic rules
Rules through time -- describes how sounds of a language change
85
Synchronic rules
Rules that come with time -- a language at a given period of time
86
Comparative method
87
Attitudes about language change
88
Why do languages change?
89
History of English
90
Language varieties
general term for any distinctive form of language or linguistic expression
91
Social identity through language
social behavior that volumes about who we are and where we come from and how we relate
92
Stereotyping & linguistic discrimination
Stereotyping = the tendency for people to categorize and judge other on the merits of their language output Discrimination ex- speak English only policy
93
Writing vs. Language
94
Different writing systems
95
Language contact (creole languages)
Contact between two distinct languages. 1st- Simplified pidgin. 2nd- Children acquire the pidgin and it becomes a creole language.
96
Emergence of signed languages
Deaf children not exposed to sign language but instead communicated via 'home signs'
97
Language shift, death
it denotes the replacement of one language by another as the primary means of communication within a community
98
Language revitalization
also known as language revival is an attempt to halt or reverse the decline of language or to revive an extinct one
99
Compounding
A word that consists of two or more words that act like a single word together

Ling 201 final (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions