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ling 201 final > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is language?

A

A distinctive mental capacity of human beings. (unconsciously learned)

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2
Q

Language as a mental capacity

A
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3
Q

What is grammar?

A

The rules of a language.

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4
Q

Descriptive grammar

A

The patterns of grammaticality according to how people actually use language

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5
Q

Prescriptive grammar

A

Claim about how people ‘should’ use language, based on cultural authority

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6
Q

Macro language

A

English as a whole, averaging micro language

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7
Q

Micro language

A

The language inside of your brain

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8
Q

Universal Grammar

A

The idea that humans are born predisposed to expect certain properties from language. Babies are born with a blueprint!

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9
Q

Human language

A

Semanticity, Arbitrariness, Discreteness, Displacement, Productivity, & Duality of patterning.

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10
Q

Animal communication

A

the mutually beneficial production of a signal by a signaler resulting in a behavioral change in a receiver

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11
Q

Bilingualism

A

The state of fluency in two languages, comes with cognitive benefits. DOES NOT cause problems in children.

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12
Q

Codeswitching

A

The practice of alternating between two (or more) languages in the same stretch of discourse.

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13
Q

First language acquisition

A

a built-in program where kids are born ready to use language exposure to acquire linguistic signs, patterns, & rules.

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14
Q

Second language acquisition

A

Past the critical period, Transfer effects, no guarantee of success.

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15
Q

Aphasia

A

Any speech disorder resulting from brain damage.

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16
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

A

Speech disorder that has simplified structure, loss of function words. Also known as non-fluent or agrammatic aphasia.

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17
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

Speech disorder that is structurally similar to regular speech but the semantic content of the words is confused. Also known as fluent aphasia.

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18
Q

Areas of the brain

A

Broca’s area and Wernicke’s are both located in the left hemisphere.

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19
Q

How we study language and the brain

A

Lab studies, looking at brain injuries, etc.

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20
Q

What is phonetics

A

The science of speech sounds and signs

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21
Q

Articulatory phonetics

A

Studies how the articulatory apparatus produces speech or sign

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22
Q

Acoustic phonetics

A

studies the properties of the sound waves constituting speech sounds

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23
Q

Perceptual phonetics

A

studies how we hear, see, and perceive speech sounds or signs.

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24
Q

Transcription, IPA

A

The universal phonetic alphabet (IPA CHART)

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25
Q

Three parameters to describe consonants

A

Voicing, place of articulation, manner of articulation

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26
Q

How we distinguish vowels

A

Height, frontness, rounding

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27
Q

Phoneme

A

A sound category in the mind of a speaker

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28
Q

Allophone

A

Different pronunciations of a phoneme which are chosen depending on the phonological environment

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29
Q

Minimal Pairs

A

When one phoneme is different in the same environment. Pat vs. Bat

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30
Q

Phonology

A

The study of sound patterns

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31
Q

Syllables (the rules)

A

A unit of sound – one ‘beat’ of rhythm

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32
Q

Phonological rules in our head

A

Memorized phonemic forms + allophonic rules

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33
Q

Phonological rules

A

An unconscious grammatical rule that determines part of the sound pattern of a language

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34
Q

Phonological environments

A

Where the sound occurs in a word and with respect to other sounds

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35
Q

Allophonic rules

A

express context dependent variation in the narrow phonetic transcription associated with a phonetic unit

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36
Q

Morpheme specific phonological rules

A

Phonological rule- a method for describing the way in which individuals sounds are produced in spoken languages

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37
Q

Tone

A

Pitch that is used to distinguish some words and morphemes from others

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38
Q

Sound patterns in language change

A

if we substitute one sound for another in a word there is a change of meaning and 2 different sounds represent different phonemes

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39
Q

Morphology

A

The study of word structure

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40
Q

Morphemes

A

The minimal meaningful unit of a language

41
Q

Allomorphs

A

Like allophones; these are different forms of a morpheme

42
Q

Prefixes

A

Affixes that come before the root

43
Q

Suffixes

A

Affixes that come after the root

44
Q

Infixes

A

Affixes that go inside the root

45
Q

Circumfixes

A

Affixes that go on both sides of the root

46
Q

Bound morpheme

A

A morpheme that cant stand on its own as a word

47
Q

Free morpheme

A

A morpheme that can stand on its own as a word

48
Q

Inflectional affixes

A

An affix that plays the role of indicating basic grammatical information about the word they are attached to. walk vs. walked

49
Q

Derivational affixes

A

An affix that adds meaning to derive a new word. drive vs. driver

50
Q

Word structure

A

the admissible arrangement of sounds in words

51
Q

Compounding

A

A word that consists of two or more words that act like a single word together

52
Q

Acronym

A

Words that got their start from abbreviations. ex. covid, lol, LGBTQ

53
Q

Eponyms

A

Words that start as proper names but take on a more general meaning. ex. google (conduct an online search)

54
Q

Clipping

A

A way of forming words by cutting off parts of an existing word. ex. insta

55
Q

Blend

A

A word that mashes two (or more) words together. ex. Friendsgiving

56
Q

Morphological typology

A

A way of classifying the languages of the world by looking at their common morphological structures

57
Q

Syntax

A

The study of sentence structure

58
Q

Grammaticality

A

is determined by the conformity of language usage as derived by the grammar of particular speech variety
the goal of which is to formulate rules that define well formed grammatical sentences

59
Q

Semantic Anomaly

A

in terms of combination and interaction of the elements of language in the different context which may create ambiguity

60
Q

Word class/ Syntactic category

A

a set of words and or phrases in a language which share a significant number of common characteristics

61
Q

Constituents

A
62
Q

Phrase structure rules

A
63
Q

Generative grammar

A

designed generate all grammatical sentences while failing to generate all ungrammatical sentences
model theory that captures the unconscious syntactic rules that are part of our mental grammar of English

64
Q

Recursion

A

the repeated sequential use of a particular type of linguistic element or grammatical structure

65
Q

Syntactic ambiguity

A

the potential of multiple interpretations for a piece of written or spoken language because of the way words or phrases are organized

66
Q

Transformational rules

A

a grammar a rule that converts one phrase marker into another

67
Q

Speech acts

A

an utterance that serves a function in communication

68
Q

Case

A

a change in the form of a word which indicates how that word is used in a sentence

69
Q

Pronouns

A

Replace noun phrases

70
Q

Semantics

A

the study of the meaning of words and sentences

71
Q

Different kinds of meaning

A
72
Q

Compositionality

A

a concept in the philosophy of language

73
Q

Truth conditions

A

the condition under which a sentence is true

74
Q

Entailment

A

a specific kind of relationship between two sentences

75
Q

Lexical semantics

A
76
Q

Generality

A

the quality or state of being general rather than specific or detailed

77
Q

Cross-linguistic differences

A

the different ways in which one language can affect another within an individual speaker

78
Q

Language and thought

A
79
Q

Pragmatics

A

the study of the use of natural language in communication

80
Q

Conversational implicature

A

these are pragmatic inferences

81
Q

Cooperative principle (the four maxims)

A

encompasses a number of maxims such as “avoid obscurity” “do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence” “make your contribution as informative as is required’ “be relevant”

82
Q

Politeness theory

A

as the ways in which language is employed in conversation to show consideration for the feelings and desires of ones interlocutors

83
Q

In what ways are languages related

A
84
Q

Diachronic rules

A

Rules through time – describes how sounds of a language change

85
Q

Synchronic rules

A

Rules that come with time – a language at a given period of time

86
Q

Comparative method

A
87
Q

Attitudes about language change

A
88
Q

Why do languages change?

A
89
Q

History of English

A
90
Q

Language varieties

A

general term for any distinctive form of language or linguistic expression

91
Q

Social identity through language

A

social behavior that volumes about who we are and where we come from and how we relate

92
Q

Stereotyping & linguistic discrimination

A

Stereotyping = the tendency for people to categorize and judge other on the merits of their language output
Discrimination ex- speak English only policy

93
Q

Writing vs. Language

A
94
Q

Different writing systems

A
95
Q

Language contact (creole languages)

A

Contact between two distinct languages. 1st- Simplified pidgin. 2nd- Children acquire the pidgin and it becomes a creole language.

96
Q

Emergence of signed languages

A

Deaf children not exposed to sign language but instead communicated via ‘home signs’

97
Q

Language shift, death

A

it denotes the replacement of one language by another as the primary means of communication within a community

98
Q

Language revitalization

A

also known as language revival is an attempt to halt or reverse the decline of language or to revive an extinct one

99
Q

Compounding

A

A word that consists of two or more words that act like a single word together

ling 201 final (1 decks)

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