Final Exam Flashcards
(127 cards)
1
Q
What was the Truman Doctrine?
A
Aid anyone in struggle against Communist aggression
2
Q
What was the Marshall Plan?
A
Economic recovery plan for Europe; role model for democracy around the world
3
Q
What did the Secretary of State George Marshall accuse the US of being at least partially responsible for? Why?
A
Hitler’s rise to power; isolationism
4
Q
How was Germany handled after the war?
A
Split into American, French, British, and Soviet Sectors
5
Q
What was the Berlin Airlift?
A
The Soviet Union cut off access to Berlin in an attempt to starve Americans, French, and British out of Berlin. They had no food, water, or fuel. They had to fly in these items (2 million tons) for 15 months to 2 1/2 million Berliners. It began on June 26, 1948, and the blockade was not lifted until May 10, 1949. The airlift actually continued until September 30, 1949. There were 278,000 flights, 189,963 of them being from the US.
6
Q
What was the key in keeping Communism contained in Eastern Europe?
A
West Germany
7
Q
What was the first major victory in the Cold War?
A
Berlin Airlift
8
Q
When and why did the arms race begin between the US and the USSR?
A
Atomic bomb by the Soviets in September 1949
9
Q
Who headed American occupation forces in Japan?
A
General MacArthur
10
Q
What changes were made in Japan after the war?
A
- Lost China, Korea, islands
- de-emphasized the role of emperor
- gained new government constitution
- everyone could vote
- armed forces disbanded
11
Q
Where did Chiang Kai-Shek and his forces retreat to?
A
Taiwan
12
Q
Who took over China?
A
Mao Zedong
13
Q
What is NATO?
A
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
- Security alliance made up of 30 countries
14
Q
Who commanded UN forces in Korea?
A
General MacArthur
15
Q
Why was the US able to get the UN Security Council to agree to armed intervention in Korea?
A
Because the Soviet Union had boycotted and decided to not take part
16
Q
What did Truman do to MacArthur? Why?
A
Truman relieved MacArthur of his command because he wanted to bomb China. When Truman refused out of fear of causing WWIII, MacArthur criticized Truman to Congress.
17
Q
What did WWII veterans get from the government when they came home from the war?
A
GI Bill–funds for higher education, unemployment insurance, housing, and business start-ups
18
Q
What did Truman do in 1948 against everyone’s advice?
A
Got involved with Civil Rights and ended segregation in armed forces
19
Q
Who was Sgt. Isaac Woodard?
A
He (black) was honorably discharged from the Army because he was beaten up by a Sheriff in South Carolina. The Sheriff was found innocent by all-white jury. When he died, he was buried with full military honors
20
Q
What were Americans petrified of in the 1950s?
A
The Red Scare–Communists
21
Q
Who was Senator Joseph McCarthy?
A
From Wisconsin. He said the State department was full of communists. He accused the Army of of being communist. There were televised hearings of his case.
22
Q
Who was elected President in 1952?
A
Eisenhower
23
Q
Who crafted the US foreign policy known as massive retaliation? What advantage would massive retaliation have–or so it was thought?
A
- Joseph Foster Dulles
- Arsenal of nuclear weapons would deter other countries from going to war against US; would also mean fewer troops on active duty; would keep peace
24
Q
What happened to Stalin?
A
Suffered a cerebral hemorrhage in March of 1953 and died four days later. Was replaced by Nikita Khrushchev
25
Who was elected to the US Presidency in 1956?
Eisenhower
26
What did the Soviets do on October 4, 1957?
- Sputnik
- soviet missiles could soon reach US
- nullified massive retaliation/bomber defense
27
What caused the summit between the Soviets and Americans, scheduled for May 1960, to be cancelled?
U-2 Reconnaissance plane shot down
28
Where did many surviving Jews from WWII emigrate to?
Palestine
29
What did the UN approve of in 1947--concerning Palestine?
UN Mandate--give both Jewish and Palestinians homeland, Jerusalem and Bethlehem under international control
30
When was the state of Israel established?
May 14, 1948
31
Who was overthrown in Egypt? Who took over?
- King Farouk overthrown
- Colonel Nasser took over
32
What is the Suez Canal?
Conduit from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea
33
Who attacked Egypt? Why? How long was this war? What did Nikita Kruschev threaten to do?
- Britain, France, and Israel attacked Egypt in 1956. Israel attacked in retaliation for hit/run tactics from Egypt
- War lasted 9 days
- Kruschev threatened nuclear retaliation
34
Vietnam had one time been a colony of what country?
France
35
Who led the Vietnamese Nationalist Forces?
Ho Chi Minh
36
Who asked the US for help? Why? Whom did the US give aid to?
Both Ho Chi Minh and France asked the US for help. France asked for help to fight Communism. The US chose to give aid to France.
37
After the French withdrew, where was Vietnam divided? Who controlled each portion?
- separated at the 17th parallel
- Democratic Republic of Vietnam controlled by Ho Chi Minh
- South Vietnam controlled by a communist emperor
38
Who overthrew the Vietnamese emperor?
Anti-communist Diem
39
What became a major issue during the Eisenhower administration?
Civil Rights
40
What was Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas?
- separate by equal facilities had no place in education
- integration of schools
41
What was the Civil Rights Act of 1957?
Allowed black people to vote
42
Who was Rosa Parks?
Black woman who was arrested on December 1, 1955 for refusing to give up her seat on the bus
43
What boycott was organized as a result of Rosa Park's protest? How long did it last?
- Boycotted buses; took cabs, walked, carpooled, etc.
- lasted 13 months
44
Who made a name for himself as a leader of the boycott movement?
Martin Luther King Jr
45
Who was Irene Morgan?
- A black woman who was arrested for not abiding to racial segregation facilities
- Won Presidential Citizens Medal in 2001 by Clinton
46
What were the sit-ins?
- Woolworth Lunch Counter--Greensboro, NC; Feb. 1960
- Hampton University--March 1960
- Phoebus Movie Theater--1961; 15 students arrested (overturned)
47
Who was elected President in 1960?
John F Kennedy
48
What replaced sharecropping?
Commercial Farms
49
What were the Freedom Rides?
- May 1961
- Bus rides from D.C. to New Orleans by white and black activists
- One bus set on fire in Alabama
- Passengers on other bus beaten up
50
Describe the life for the typically black person living in the south.
- Neighborhoods, stores, leisure activities
- Job ads for "coloreds"--only manual labor
- Couldn't try on clothes in store
- White teachers only needed a certificate; black teachers needed a college degree
51
How did blacks voice their dissatisfaction with Congressional opposition to a Civil Rights Bill?
Martin Luther King Jr held a demonstration on Capital Mall; "I Have A Dream" speech
52
What did the Kennedy Administration think its chief task was?
Chapter 25
53
What was the Bay of Pigs?
- 2,000 anti-Castro exiles trained in Nicaragua
- April 1961
- No support from Cubans
- Surrendered to Castro's forces
- Disaster
54
Explain the Cuban Missile Crisis.
- Spy Planes took pictures of launch pads (10/14/1962)
- Kennedy didn't want to attack Cuba, but did not want to back down to communism
- Decided on a blockade of Cuba (act of war)
- Kennedy went to TV to pull out missiles, stop Soviet ships enroute to Cuba, and for bombers with nuclear weapons to stay on alert
55
What were the results of the Cuban Missile Crisis?
- Khrushchev backed down
- blockade was lifted
- Cuba will never be invaded
- Missiles pulled out of Turkey
- Telephone hotline
- Khrushchev lost face and was forced into retirement
56
What happened to JFK?
Former US Marine, Lee Harvey Oswald, fatally shot JFK while he was in the car with his wife and friends
57
Who succeeded Kennedy?
Lyndon B Johnson
58
What was Johnson's vision?
Great Society
59
What was the core of Johnson's vision?
- Vision of true democracy with freedom and justice for all
- Raise underprivileged/discriminated to new levels of equality
60
What did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 do?
- Outlawed discrimination against any black people or women by employers
- Outlawed racial segregation everywhere
- Outlawed barriers to black voting
61
What did Johnson declare war on?
Poverty
- Medicaid
- Headstart
- Federal aid to education
- Consumer protection laws
- Food stamps
- Cut percentage of people living in Poverty in half
62
Who were the Vietcong?
South Vietnamese communist supporters during the Vietnam war
63
What happened to Vietnamese President Diem?
Was kidnapped and assassinated (11/1/1963)
64
Who challenged President Johnson in the 1968 election?
Nixon
65
Who gave an assessment of the war in Vietnam to the American public?
General Westmoreland
66
What was the Tet Offensive?
- Lunar New Year
- Psychological defeat
67
What happened to Robert Kennedy?
Shot and killed by Sirhan Sirhan
68
Who won the 1968 election?
Nixon
69
What did Nixon think was the most important task on his agenda?
War
70
Who was in charge of peace talks in Paris?
Henry Kissinger
71
What did Nixon secretly do regarding the war in Vietnam?
Ordered bombing of Cambodia
- Sent marines into Laos
- Leaked to NY Times
72
Who did Nixon believe supported him?
"Silent majority"
73
What was the My Lai incident?
Massacre--Lt. William Calley ordered his men to kill everyone in the village
74
What did Nixon believe was the key to peace in Vietnam?
Peace with Honor
75
What was SALT I?
- 1st Strategic Arms Limitation Talk
- US and USSR agreed to a limited number of missiles and missile launch sites
76
Who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1973?
Henry Kissinger
77
What was the Yom Kippur War? What was the US response? How did the Arabs respond to the US response?
- Egypt and Syria attacked Israel (10/06/1973)
- US sent military equipment to Israel
- Arabs cut off oil shipments to US
78
What is OPEC?
Organization of Petroleum-Exporting Countries
- Foreign cars popular (German, Japanese)
- Gas-efficient
- US automakers could not compete
79
What was CREEP?
Committee to Re-Elect the President formed by Nixon
80
What was the Watergate affair?
- June 1972: burglars from CREEP broke in and went through files; Nixon claimed no one in his administration was involved
- 1973: burglars brought to trial and pleaded guilty
- Head of CREEP/Nixon's lawyer admitted involvement
- Nixon denied knowledge; would investigate and punish those found guilty; wouldn't let investigators look at White House documents
- Head of CREEP testimony said Nixon knew all along
- Conversations were taped and supposedly would clear Nixon, but Nixon wouldn't release them
- Nixon paid too few taxes
- Nixon used public funds to improve private residencies
81
What was the Saturday Night Massacre?
- October 1973
- Attorney General/Assistant Resigned
- 3rd in command--fired Cox
82
What happened to Nixon's Vice President?
He resigned due to income tax evasion
- avoided prison sentence
83
Who replaced Spiro Agnew?
Jimmy Carter
84
When did Nixon resign? Why?
- Resigned August 8, 1974
- He would have been impeached
85
Who succeeded Nixon as President?
Gerald Ford
86
What did Ford see as his biggest problem?
Inflation & foreign affairs
- economy slumped
- unemployment rose
87
When did the Vietnam War really end?
May 1, 1975 when Saigon fell
88
What was Saigon renamed as?
Ho Chi Minh City
89
Who challenged Ford for the Republican presidential nomination in 1976?
Ronald Reagan
90
Who won the Presidential election in 1976?
Jimmy Carter
91
What did Jimmy Carter add to the Cabinet?
Secretaries of Education/Energy
92
What was central to Carter's foreign policy?
Human rights?
93
What were some foreign policy actions that Jimmy Carter took?
- Cut off aid to Argentina/Chile for human rights violations
- Transferred control of Panama Canal to Panama
- Exchanged ambassadors with mainland China (Taiwan no longer represents China)
94
What was Carter's response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan?
Withdrew SALT II treaty
95
What was Jimmy Carter's crowning achievement?
Peace settlement between Israel and Egypt
96
What became Carter's obsession?
Camp David Accords
97
Who set up revolutionary government in Iran?
Ayatollah Khomeini
98
Who ran against Carter for the presidency in 1980? Who won?
Ronal Raegan; Reagan won
99
When were the American hostages in Iran released? How long had they been hostages?
- Released Jan 1981
- 444 days in captivity
100
Whom did Reagan fire?
11,000 air traffic controllers
101
What was Reaganomics?
- Lower taxes
- People spend more money
- Generate more jobs, more goods
- More taxes
102
Where did Reagan want to increase expenditures?
- Large nuclear arsenal
- Eternally intimidate Soviet Union
103
What did Reagan call the Soviet Union?
"Evil Empire"
104
Who did Israel invade in 1982? What did Reagan do in response? What happened?
- Invaded Lebanon
- Sent peacekeeping troops to stop cross border raids
- Barracks blown up; radical Muslim crashed truck loaded w/ explosives; 239 Marines killed; peacekeeping troops withdrawn
105
What was the Iran-Contra Affair?
- New government in Nicaragua supported by Cuba/Soviet Union 1986
- Arms for Contras (Freedom Fighters) 1981
- Congress cut off aid (Contras not making progress; fearful of another "Vietnam") 1984
- Iran/Iraq War
- US secretly sell arms to Iran to help get hostages released
- Buy arms for Contras with money made from arms sales
- Deal made public (11/1986)
- Lt. Colonel Oliver North convicted
- Televised Senate hearings
- Reagan claimed he knew nothing of the affair and was never indicted
106
Who ran against Reagan when he ran for re-election? Who was his opponent's running mate?
Walter Mondale & Geraldine Ferraro
107
What was the Moral Majority? What was its platform?
Jerry Falwell's conservative values
- against abortion, homosexuality, communism, drugs
108
Who was the new premier in the Soviet Union?
Mikhail Gorbachev
109
What was glastnost?
Openness; encouraged debate/criticism
110
What was perestroika?
Stimulate economy; downsize admin & reward individual endeavors
111
What was Star Wars/SDI?
- Strategic Defense Initiative
- Build shield around atmosphere
- Prevent nuclear missiles from entering atmosphere (would destroy those missiles)
112
What caused the space shuttle program to be grounded?
Challenger disaster
113
Who was the first female Supreme Court justice?
Sandra Day O'Connor
114
How was the fabric of American society changing during the 1980s?
- Immigration quotas dropped (4 million + immigrants; refugees from Asia; illegal immigrants across Mexican border)
- Births decline (affects social security)
- Abortions rose
- Single parent homes
- AIDS
- Labor costs (jobs went overseas)
115
Who won the 1988 presidential election?
George H. W. Bush
116
What ended the Cold War?
Berlin wall fell; Busch and Gorbachev signed treaties
117
Who succeeded Gorbachev?
Boris Yeltsin
118
What caused the Persian Gulf War in 1991?
Iraq's invasion of Kuwait
119
What was the financial crime of the century?
Clinton's Whitewater Investment
120
What was Whitewater?
- Land investment
- Ozark Mountains (Arkansas)
- Bill and Hillary Clinton
121
Who replaced President Bush?
Bill Clinton
122
Why did the government shut down in 1994?
Reducing federal debt/income tax; states would take over federal functions such as welfare and environment; no compromise
123
Why was President Clinton almost impeached?
Monica Lewinsky claimed to have an affair with Clinton
124
What was the most important development of the 1990s?
Internet; then cell phone and genetic engineering
125
How did terrorism cross over US borders?
- Fall of communism and USSR
- Countries no longer being propped up by Americans/Soviets
- Volatile Middle East
126
Who are the al Qaeda? Who was their leader?
- Islamic extremist group
- Osama Bin Laden
127
What did classified documents indicate that Iraq had?
Weapons of Mass Destruction
