Final exam

Question 1

Given the fatty acid formula 20:4n-6
The “20” represents…

Answer 1

The number of carbon atoms present

Question 2

Given the fatty acid formula 20:4n-6
The “4n” represents…

Answer 2

The number of double bonds

Question 3

Given the fatty acid formula 20:4n-6
The “6” represents…

Answer 3

The first carbon associated with a double bond starting from the methyl end

Question 4

The peroxidation of lipids:
a. leads to the production of hydroperoxides and aldehydes
b. is due to free radicals formed in the body or foods
c. reduces the intake of foods due to the foul smell and bad taste
d. may be prevented by the inclusion of antioxidants in foods
e. All of the above

Answer 4

e. all of the above

Question 5

Flaxseed oil

Answer 5

Omega-3 fatty acids such as alpha-linolenic acid

Question 6

Fish oil

Answer 6

Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids such as DHA

Question 7

Coconut oil

Answer 7

Saturated, medium-chain fatty acids

Question 8

Beef tallow

Answer 8

Arachidonic acid

Question 9

An owner brings her 4-month old puppy to your house because you are a pet expert. It is lethargic, has a rough hair coat, and is very small for its age. She brought you a sample of its diet and you quickly smell that it is rancid. Which of the following would you expect to see?

Answer 9

Decreased serum vitamin E concentrations

Question 10

Why is arachidonic acid required in feline diets?

Answer 10

Cats have low levels of the enzymes responsible for elongating and desaturating omega-6 fatty acids

Question 11

Fat is a concentrated energy source, but it provides many other functions too. List other functions that fats play in the body?

Answer 11

1. cushioning of bones and organs
2. aids in absorption of fat-soluble vitamins

Question 12

Which of the following does NOT increase the risk of lipid peroxidation in pet foods?
A. Storage at cool temperatures
B. Exposure to oxygen
C. Exposure to metals
D. High inclusion level of unsaturated fatty acids
E. UV light exposure

Answer 12

A. Storage at cool temperatures

Question 13

According to AAFCO which fatty acid is recommended in adult cat diets but not in adult dog diets?

Answer 13

Arachidonic acid

Question 14

Mammals can elongate and desaturate fatty acids. The process only occurs at the METHYL/CARBOXYL carbon end of the molecule, however, so they are unable to convert from one form (omega-3) to another (omega-6).

Answer 14

Carboxyl

Question 15

True or false
Cell membranes composed primarily of unsaturated fatty acids have a lower level of fluidity compared to those that are composed primarily of saturated fatty acids.

Answer 15

False

Question 16

In the US, which of the following drives the pet food and supply market?
A. number of pets
B. Health of pet
C. Consumer thoughts and beliefs
D. Status of pet in the household
E. All of the above

Answer 16

E. All of the above

Question 17

Owners often select pet foods based on the response of their pet and perceived health. What are 2 important animal response criteria that may affect an owner’s attitude and their likelihood of buying that product again?

Answer 17

1.
2.

Question 18

Name 2 of the top 4 pet food companies (in terms of market share) in the world?

Answer 18

Mars pet care
Nestle Purina

Question 19

Does the status of the pet in the household (family member vs companion vs property) affect spending trends? How?

Answer 19

Yes
if people believe that their pet is a family member they will want to spend more to get the best product for them. If they view the pet as property, they may just provide the bare minimum to maintain them.

Question 20

When it comes to marketing pet foods in the US, there are 3 consumer philosophies that are common. Briefly describe each category and state which one you fall under.

Answer 20

1.
2.
3.

Question 21

Compare the GI tracts in terms of digestive energy, location, and importance of microbial fermentation, and how it impacts their diet selection and utilization.

Answer 21

simple
ruminant
fermentative

Question 22

What cells secrete mucus in the small intestine?

Answer 22

blank

Question 23

What cells secrete antimicrobial proteins?

Answer 23

Pathen

Question 24

What cells secrete hormones?

Answer 24

Enterendocrine

Question 25

What is the primary function of enterocytes?

Answer 25

absorption of nutrients

Question 26

Which animal heavily relies on cecal fermentation for meeting their daily energy requirement?

Answer 26

Horse

Question 27

Which of the following is secreted by the nonruminant stomach?

Answer 27

Pepsinogen

Question 28

The ____ is the primary site of hydrolitic/enzymatic digestion and nutrient absorption in non-ruminants, including dogs and cats

Answer 28

Small intestine

Question 29

Discuss the challenge of digesting lipid in the small intestine. What is the primary challenge and how does bile contribute to the process?

Answer 29

??

Question 30

Describe the difference between an exopeptidase and endopeptidase?

Question 31

Which of the following pancreatic proteolytic enzymes not only works to digest proteins but also plays an important role in the activation of other proteolytic enzymes in the small intestine?

Answer 31

Trypsin

Question 32

Match the nutrient with its small intestinal transporter: Glucose

Answer 32

SGLT1

Question 33

Match the nutrient with its small intestinal transporter: Fructose

Answer 33

GLUT5

Question 34

Match the nutrient with its small intestinal transporter: Small peptides

Answer 34

PEPT1

Question 35

Match the nutrient with its small intestinal transporter. Fatty acids

Answer 35

FATP

Question 36

which of the following is a substrate for microbial fermentation in the colon of the dog and cat?

Answer 36

Resistant starch, Non-digestible oligosaccharides, proteins, gastrointestinal secretions

Question 37

What is the main product of carbohydrate fermentation in the colon?

Answer 37

Short-chain fatty acids

Question 38

True or False Dogs and cats have teeth that are designated for gripping and tearing, including large canine teeth, and carnassiate teeth that act like scissors to slice flesh

Answer 38

True

Question 39

Acidic digesta enters the duodenum, but it must be buffered for adequate digestion. What is an important buffer secreted by the pancreas?

Answer 39

Bicarbonate

Question 40

Protein quality is very important and affects how much protein is needed in the diet. How is protein quality defined and what principle/theory is often used to defined the quality of a diet?

Answer 40

Protein quality is determined by its amino acid composition. The principle is the limiting amino acid theory which states that if there is a deficiency in one amino acid all other amino acids will be limited too.

Question 41

List advantages and disadvantages of using animal-based protein sources in pet foods?

Answer 41

Advantages: great source of amino acids and source of omega fatty acids Disadvantages: highly variable, presence of connective tissue can decrease the quality

Question 42

Rank the biological value of the following protein sources: Egg

Answer 42

Highest value

Question 43

Rank the biological value of the following protein sources: Fresh animal products

Answer 43

2nd highest value

Question 44

Rank the biological value of the following protein sources: Pulses (beans; lentils)

Answer 44

2nd lowest value

Question 45

Rank the biological value of the following protein sources: Cereal grains

Answer 45

Lowest value

Question 46

____ is a sulfur-containing compound excreted in cat urine, is thought to be a precursor to pheromones, and is efficiently synthesized from cysteine.

Answer 46

Felinine

Question 47

Maillard browning products may be formed if ingredients or pet foods are over-processed. The Maillard reaction involves a ___ sugar and an amino group. The amino acid most commonly affected by Maillard browning is ___

Answer 47

Reducing; lysine

Question 48

As strict carnivores, cats are metabolically capable of metabolizing high protein levels in the diet. List 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of having such a high metabolism of amino acids.

Answer 48

Advantage: they are able to rid their body of ammonia through urea Disadvantage: they are not able to store the left over amino acids for growth, they will be used for another purpose.

Question 49

In cats, taurine

Answer 49

plays an important Ca++/K+ flux in photoreceptor cells of the retina

Question 50

Which of the following impacts the digestibility of proteins in pet foods?

Answer 50

anti-nutritional components, dietary fiber, processing conditions, solubility