final exam Flashcards

Question

Why can the risks that trans-Latina migrants face when seeking asylum be characterized as “intersectional”?

Answer 1

Transgender Latina, migrants who are facing extreme stress during the process of migration, at the border, in detention centers, and once they are across Unsurprisingly, there is a greater risk that they turn to prostitution and drugs to make money and cope with the stress they are bearing Trans women were detained on average more than twice the average length of detainment of all immigrants held in ICE custody during the fiscal year 2017

Answer 2

Intersectionality is the interconnected nature of social categorizations such as race, class, and gender as they apply to a given individual or group

Answer 3

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) has a wide variety of signs and symptoms, including mood swings, tender breasts, food cravings, fatigue, irritability and depression. It's estimated that as many as 3 of every 4 menstruating women have experienced some form of premenstrual syndrome Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a very severe form of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) It causes a range of emotional and physical symptoms every month during the week or two before your period It is sometimes referred to as 'severe PMS' PMDD occurs during the luteal phase of your menstrual cycle

Answer 4

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder common among women of reproductive age The ovaries may develop numerous small collections of fluid (follicles/cysts) and fail to release eggs regularly Cysts can secrete androgens (male sex hormones) which cause a range of physical symptoms The androgens can lead women with PCOS to experience missed periods, weight gain, acne, excess hair, and infertility

Answer 5

Hormonal contraceptives include the pill, the patch, and the vaginal ring and can contain estrogen and progestin These hormones can prevent pregnancy in three main ways The hormonal contraceptive usually stops the body from ovulating (combination pills) They also change the cervical mucus to make it difficult for the sperm to go through the cervix and find an egg (mini-pill using only progesterone) They can also prevent pregnancy by changing the lining of the womb (endometrium), so it’s unlikely the fertilized egg will be implanted (mini-pill too)

Answer 6

Integrated information from 191 cultures: Most frequent positions for coitus included the “missionary” and women sitting on men Women could generally reach orgasm but not always through intercourse (more likely in positions other than missionary) 70% of American couples did not practice other positions besides missionary On average lasts 5 min or less Average male orgasm is reached in less than 2 min and female orgasm in under 5 min Ejaculation in less than 1 min is considered precocious (too early) In addition to coitus, all studied societies practiced “foreplay” and same-gender interactions, as well as oral, manual, and anal activities Ford and Beach concluded that there is a “basic mammalian capacity” for same-sex behavior

Answer 7

Bondage (is the practice of consensually tying, binding, or restraining a partner) Discipline (the practice in which the dominant sets rules which the submissive is expected to obey. When rules of expected behavior are broken, punishment is often used as a means of disciplining) + dominant (holding power) Submissive (relinquishing power) + Sadism (the tendency to derive pleasure, especially sexual gratification, from inflicting pain, suffering, or humiliation on others) Masochism (the tendency to derive pleasure, especially sexual gratification, from one’s own pain or humiliation) The enactment of BDSM scenes can be viewed as a form of counter-culture - values and norms of behavior that differ substantially from those of mainstream society - where people can upend unequal power distributions

Answer 8

For transgender men, exogenous testosterone can support virilization - the development of masculine physical characteristics. This includes deepened voice, cessation of menses, clitorial growth, increased muscle mass, and hair growth in androgen-dependent areas, including facial hair Breast tissue may lose granularity, but generally does not lose mass or semi circumference For transgender women, exogenous estrogen can be used to support feminization - the development of feminine physical characteristics This includes changing fat distribution, including breast formation, and reducing male pattern hair growth HRT can also shrink the penis and testicle and reduce libido, erections, and ejaculate

Answer 9

Detransition - is the cessation or reversal of a transgender identification or gender transition, whether by social, legal, or medical means Reasons for detransitioning vary - including health-related concerns, finding that transition did not alleviate gender dysphoria, an unaffirming social environment, financial concerns, or political, religious, or philosophical disagreements

Answer 10

Kink - non-conventional sexual practices, concepts, or fantasies

Answer 11

Global movements and exchanges This can refer to human beings, goods, and services, capital, technologies, or cultural practices Results in increased interactions between different regions and populations around the globe

Answer 12

Industrialization - reorganization of the economy for the purpose of manufacturing goods

Answer 13

Positive aspects include increased access to: Foods Clothing Cars Art and other material culture from around the world Negative aspects include: Outsourcing of work (sweatshops for clothing) “Brain drain” (professionals from non-industrialized countries to work in fields such as medicine and engineering) Trafficking of illicit substances and people

Answer 14

Human trafficking refers to the act of recruiting, transporting, transferring, and/or harboring/receiving people Types of trafficking Service-based trafficking Hospitality (tips but no wages and threat of ID being taken away) Cleaning services (dangerous chemicals, wages confiscated, and forced to work off debts) Landscaping, carnivals, restaurants, health and beauty (low wages, long hours, relocations, and dangerous exposures) Industrial labor trafficking Extractives and construction (boom and bust labor) Factories (sweat shops) Agricultural, fishing, and meat processing (undocumented workers, pushed for speed, working in dangerous conditions) Drug and sex trafficking

Answer 15

Human trafficking refers to the act of recruiting, transporting, transferring, and/or harboring/receiving people Types of trafficking Service-based trafficking Hospitality (tips but no wages and threat of ID being taken away) Cleaning services (dangerous chemicals, wages confiscated, and forced to work off debts) Landscaping, carnivals, restaurants, health, and beauty (low wages, long hours, relocations, and dangerous exposures) Industrial labor trafficking Extractives and construction (boom and bust labor) Factories (sweatshops) Agricultural, fishing, and meat processing (undocumented workers, pushed for speed, working in dangerous conditions) Drug and sex trafficking

Answer 16

Burmese people have been impoverished by mismanagement and warfare, so people’s livelihoods have been undermined by the international war on drugs - specifically on heroin In Myanmar, there were crackdowns on the cultivation of poppy plants This undermined women’s roles and placed greater pressure on women to pursue other opportunities to support their families

Answer 17

Sex work is a broad category It includes prostitution, pornography, phone sex operators, exotic dancers, massage parlor workers, and dominatrix workers (women taking a “dominant” role in BDSM sex work) Services are offered over the internet, in brothels, on the street, and through “call work” “Call work” refers to going to a location picked by the customer

Answer 18

Prostitution - is the exchange of sex (left undefined) for money, goods, or services The common denominator is money

Answer 19

Prostitution was decriminalized in 2003 Brothel-keeping, living off the proceeds of someone else’s prostitution, and street solicitation are legal in New Zealand and have been since the Prostitution Reform Act 2003 came into effect Coercion of sex workers is illegal 5 years after the Prostitution Reform Act 2003 was put into action, an analysis was conducted that found that the sex industry had not increased in size 90% of sex workers believe the PRA gave them employment, legal, and health safety rights 64% found it easier to refuse clients 57% said police attitudes to sex workers changed for the better

Answer 20

In 1999 the Swedish Model of Law criminalized the demand for paid sex, pimping, procuring, and trafficking The idea is that sex work and trafficking can be eliminated by “ending demand” and views sex work as a form of violence against women An analysis found that street prostitution had been cut by more than half since 1995 The number of men admitting to having purchased sex was down more than 40% However, stigma remains widespread, making it difficult for women access social serves and the police and putting sex workers into more precarious positions In the 1990s, trafficking was not an issue, and the women selling sex were overwhelmingly Swedish

Answer 21

In 2012, Canada made pimping and brothels legal However, communication for the purpose of sex work was illegal Opponents of this change asserted that this increased the danger of marginalized women, because it was only the upper echelon that made it into brothels In 2014, these laws were reversed and criminal penalties were enacted for purchasing sexual services anywhere

Answer 22

STI - infection acquired through the transmission of bodily fluids from an infected individual to another person through sexual contact Can be viral, bacterial, fungal, or parasitic

Answer 23

HPV (human papillomavirus) is a virus - that can cause genital warts or cervical abnormalities Gonorrhea (“the clap”) is a bacterial infection - burning sensation during urination in men and can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease in women Yeast infections are fungal, many causes but can be transmitted through sexual contact Trichomoniasis - a parasite that is often asymptomatic in men but can lead to discharge, swelling, and vulvar fissures (cracks) in women

Answer 24

HIV cannot replicate on its own, so to make new copies of itself, it must infect cells of the human immune system, called CD4 cells CD4 cells are white blood cells that play a central role in responding to infections in the body Over time, CD4 cells are killed by HIV, and the body’s ability to fight some types of infection begins to decline. This leads to the development of serious opportunistic infections Experiencing a collection of these infections is the most advanced stage of HIV, which is when a person is said to have AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)

Answer 25

STDs are physical effects that happen to one’s body once infected with an STI Acute effects - sudden onset and typically rapid course (fevers and sores) Chronic effects - incurable can affect people’s functioning but may be treatable (fertility problems) Terminal effects - if left untreated, will lead to death

Answer 26

People with hemophilia, who received contaminated blood through transfusions Men who have sex with men, who reported higher incidences of the condition Heroin users and other people who used injectable drugs Haitians or people of Haitian origin, as many cases of AIDS were reported in Haiti

Answer 27

HAART prevents the HIV virus from making copies of itself and limits how much virus is in the body by acting as a protease inhibitor HAART targets protease, which is an enzyme that allows HIV to replicate This reduces “viral load” and can prevent the development of AIDS Protease is an enzyme in the body that’s important for HIV replication Protease inhibitor drugs block the action of protease enzymes CD4 cells are white blood cells that play a central role in responding to infections in the body

Answer 28

Endemic - means a disease is spreading in a community at the normal or expected level Epidemic - an unexpected increase in the number of disease cases in a specific geographical area

Answer 29

A disease has a specific result on a body part or function. Illness can be a perceived notion of unwellness or derive from self-diagnosis. Disease must be diagnosed by a medical expert. Illness can fall under a generalized periscope of health maladies

Answer 30

Paul Farmer Medical, a founder of Partners in Health (PIH), medical doctor and medical anthropologist

Answer 31

Partners in Health is a Boston-based nonprofit healthcare organization that responds to the moral imperative to provide high-quality health care globally to those who need it most Partners in Health helped make HAART economically feasible and works to empower CHW who support adherence

Answer 32

“Structural violence” - is a term coined by Johan Galtung (sociologist) and liberation during the 1960s Describes social structures - economic, political, legal, religious, and cultural - that stop individual, groups, and societies from reaching their full potential Because they seem ordinary, certain “structures” such as - disparate access to resources, political power, education, health care, and legal standing - are almost invisible

Answer 33

“Distal” interventions - performed late in the process, when patients are already sick - include antibiotics or other medicines (after the fact) “Proximal” interventions - try to prevent illness through efforts such as vaccination, improved water, and housing quality, it recognizes that disease is not just individual behavior but rather related to social factors such as poverty, gender, inequality, and racism

Answer 34

Researchers in Baltimore sought to address racial disparities in AIDS and death Addressed economic barriers to care (transportation costs etc.), comorbid conditions (drug addiction to mental illness), implemented community-based care (more convenient and socially acceptable for patients) Disparities based on race, gender, injection-drug use, and socioeconomic status largely disappeared in the study population where these “proximal” interventions were initiated

Answer 35

They understand local dynamics and beliefs, which can make the uptake of interventions challenging Enhance trust, which improves healthcare access Enhance communication between organizations and communities They provide community and emotional support They can check in with patients, supporting adherence

Answer 36

Germans first colonized Rwanda in 1894 Germans thought that the Tutsi people had more European characteristics, such as lighter skin and a taller build, and put them in roles of responsibility In 1933, the Belgians solidified the categories of “Tutsi” and “Hutu” by mandating that every person was to have an identity card that labeled them either Tutsi, Hutu, or Twa The animosity between the two groups grew over the decades, and when the president of Rwanda was killed in 1994 (he was a Hutu), the Tutsis were blamed

Answer 37

During pregnancy, HIV can pass through the placenta and infect the fetus. During labor and delivery, the baby may be exposed to the virus from a woman's blood and other fluids. When a woman goes into labor, the amniotic sac breaks (her water breaks). Once this occurs, the risk of transmitting HIV to the baby increases Many women gave birth to HIV-positive babies and struggled to exist They lived with deep psychological trauma and serious health needs, including the need for HIV/AIDS treatment, yet little to nothing was available to them

final exam Flashcards

(61 cards)