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BIOL 110 Intro to Zoology > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is neodermis?

A

specialized epidermis found in platyhelminthes specifically neodermata

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2
Q

What is mesoderm?

A

muscles, circulatory system, other process

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3
Q

What is triploblast?

A

-blastocoel fills with cells
-three germ layers

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4
Q

What is cephalization?

A

concentrating sense organs in the head region

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5
Q

what is the ectoderm?

A

layer that is in contact with the outside environment

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6
Q

what is the endoderm?

A

layer that processes food

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7
Q

what are true muscles?

A

-made of contractile cells
-develops from mesoderm
-muscles in cnidaria have a separate evolutionary origin

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8
Q

what is primary bilateral symmetry?

A

-active, directed movement most efficient with an elongated body form with anterior, posterior, dorsal, and ventral sides

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9
Q

describe the coelom of mollusca

A

-very small
-small chamber around the heart

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10
Q

what is the mantle in mollusca?

A

-folds of tissue covering the viscera and mantle cavity
-produces the shell in some molluscs
-houses gills or lungs (gas exchange)

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11
Q

describe the head-foot region in molluscs

A

-some have a well developed head
-radula (a ribbon like organ)
-foot is used for movement (adhesion, extend hydraulically, burrow into mud/sand, fin-like for swimming)

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12
Q

describe the radula and its function

A

-ribbon like organ
-found in all molluscs except bivalves
-muscles move the radula
-used for scraping, piercing, tearing, cutting, and boring
-acts as a conveyor belt to move food towards the stomach

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13
Q

describe the circulatory system of molluscs

A

-open circulatory system
-includes heart and some blood vessels
-vessels open to blood sinuses (larger open cavities)
-respiration involves a gill-like organ

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13
Q

describe the circulatory system of molluscs

A

-open circulatory system
-includes heart and some blood vessels
-vessels open to blood sinuses (larger open cavities)
-respiration involves a gill-like organ

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14
Q

describe the respiratory organ in molluscs

A

-found in most bivalves and some gastropods
-found in mantle cavity
-ctenidia (primitive gill)
-secondary gill or lungs in some gastropods

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15
Q

general info of bivalves

A

-most are marine, some freshwater and some brackish water
-sedentary filter feeders
-create water currents with cilia
-no defined head
-no radula
-very little cephalization

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16
Q

describe a bivalve shell

A

-2 shells held together by hinge ligament
-valves drawn together by adductor muscles (resting state is open shell
-umbo is the oldest part of the shell
-pearls are produced when an irritant enters between the shell and mantle (layers of nacre secreted around the foreign material)

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17
Q

describe the general interior of the bivalve

A

-foot is in the midline
-modified ctenida on either side of the foot
-siphons are extensions of the mantle (incurrent and excurrent)
-siphons can be used to obtain food and O2 and are an adaptation of burrowing marine bivalves

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18
Q

movement of bivalves

A

-not very mobile
-larvae are mobile
-scallops swim to escape from predators by creating a jet propulsion by clapping valves together

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19
Q

respiration in bivalves

A

-some have modified gills to also collect food particles from water
-derived from primative ctenidia (lengthened filaments)
-filaments form plate like lamellae

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20
Q

feeding in bivalves

A

-connected to respiration
-filter feeding
-particles enters the incurrent siphon
-gland cells on gills release mucus to capture particles
-cilia and palps direct the mucus and food to the mouth

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21
Q

excretion in bivalves

A

-blood passes through nephridial tubules (kidneys) to remove waste

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22
Q

nervous system in bivalves

A

-controlled by three pairs of ganglia with connected nerve cords
-simpler than annelids or arthropods
-sense organs are reduced and poorly developed

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23
Q

reproduction in bivalves

A

-only sexual
-fertilization is external (gametes released through excurrent siphon)
-indirect development
-produce free swimming trochophore larva
-next is veliger stage
-then spat stage
-then adult

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24
Q

reproduction in freshwater bivalves

A

-internal fertilization (sperm enters the incurrent siphon)
-eggs fertilize in water tubes of gills
-larvae develop into glochidia stage (specialized veliger stage) (attach to gills of passing fish and are briefly parasites)
-cannot swim in this stage
-detach and sink to bottom as free living juveniles

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25
Q

zebra muscles vs native clams

A

-zebra muscles live on sediment or attached to hard surfaces
-zebra muscles form swimming trochophores and veligers
-native clams live burrowed in sediment
-native clams form non-swimming glochidia and must live on fish for a few weeks

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26
Q

general description of gastropods

A

-many have shells
-univalve
-shell is coiled or uncoiled
-development usually involves trochophore stage and veliger stage
-undergo torsion (rearranging of body during development of the adult)

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27
Q

explain torsion in gastropods

A

-initially the complex gut runs in a straight line (anterior to posterior) (mouth at top and anus, gills, and mantle cavity at the bottom)
-slowly the shells rotates 180° and the mantle cavity is over the head
-the gut and viscera also rotate
-finally the gastropod loses a gill and other paired organs and the head can be retracted into the mantle cavity

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28
Q

explain benefit of torsion in gastropods

A

-shell weight is more evenly distributed
-organs are lost so that excreted waste does not foul the gills (anus is by the head now)
-the coiling of the shell also pressed on the right side of the mantle cavity so organs were lost to compensate this

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29
Q

symmetry of gastropods

A

most are bilaterally asymmetrical

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30
Q

coiling of gastropod shells

A

-right-handed dextral
-left-handed sinistral

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31
Q

how do gastropods feed?

A

-well defined head and mouth
-have a radula (toothy ribbon that is used to collect food

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32
Q

what do gastropods feed on?

A
  1. herbivores
    -scape algae off surfaces
    -forage for green vegetation
  2. scavengers
    -feed on dead and decaying matter
  3. parasites
    -of corals
  4. predators
    -use radula to tear at their pray
    -bore holes into shells and proboscis to feed on soft tissue
    -some have toxins that incapacitate prey
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33
Q

respiration of gastropods

A

-by ctenidia and mantle/ skin surface
-some have developed lungs and breath air (pulmonate snails)

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34
Q

nervous system of gastropods

A

-well developed
-brain (3 pairs of ganglia)
-ventral nerve cord
-sense organs (light, balance, touch, chemical)

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35
Q

reproduction of gastropods

A

-monoecious or dioecious
-indirect development
1. fertilization in water
-trochophore develops within the egg
-shelled eggs can be released to water column or attached to surface and veliger emerge
2. terrestrial and some freshwater
-fertilize internally within oviduct
-young snails emerge from egg but other life stages occur in egg

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36
Q

general description of cephalopoda

A

-marine predators
-sensitive to salinity
-no freshwater
-modified foot (mostly in the head with anterior end extending as a ring of arms)
-foot and mantle form a funnel shape called a siphon

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37
Q

locomotion of cephalopods

A

-forcefully expel water through siphon
-lateral fins (in squid and cuttlefish) stabilize and flutter to allow swimming motion
-octopuses can crawl along rocks/coral using arms
-some octopuses have webbing between arms and can also swim like a medusa

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38
Q

hunting in cephalopods

A

-capture prey with arms/tentacles
-draw food into biting range
-bite off pieces using hard beak
-digestion/ nutrient absorption in digestive gland
-radula also present

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39
Q

respiration in cephalopods

A

-have one pair of gills which are more specialized
-no cilia as it can’t meet high O2 demand
-mantle musculature enlarges/ compresses to move water in and out

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40
Q

circulation in cephalopods

A

-highly active lifestyle cannot be accommodated with open circulatory system
-closed network of vessels
systemic heart leads to body + kidney, then to brachial hearts and into the gills
-this creates increased blood pressure in the gills

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41
Q

excretion in cephalopods

A

-contain metanephridia (similar to annelids)
-coelomic fluid/ blood filtered to remove waste
-waste is excreted into mantle cavity then out to the water

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42
Q

nervous system in cephalopods

A

-largest brain of any invertebrate
-can learn by reward, punishment, and observation of others
-use tools
-lack hearing but have tactile and chemoreceptors in their arms

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43
Q

eyes of cephalopods

A

-camera like eyes like humans
-complex eyes with cornea, lens, and retina
-excellent sight underwater
-although similar to human eyes, development is different (convergent evolution)
-visual signs are main form of communication

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44
Q

communication in cephalopods

A

-chemical and visual signals
-whole body colour change

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45
Q

colour change in cephalopods

A

-chromatophores are cells in the skin that contain pigment granules
-contractions in muscle fibres attached to chromatophores cause change in colour pattern
-colour change can happen rapidly
-can occur independently across the body
-some deep water cephalopods have luminescent organs

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46
Q

reproduction in cephalopods

A

-internal fertilization
-in male seminal vesicle sperm are packaged in spermatophores
-one male arm is modified as a copulatory organ (hectocotylus)
-removes spermatophore and inserts it in female genital opening (break off arm in opening)
-fertilized eggs leave oviduct and attach to stones
-hatch but without the free swimming larval stage

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47
Q

what are the 5 subphyla of the phylum arthropoda?

A
  1. myriapoda (centipedes, millipedes)
  2. chelicerata (spiders, horseshoe crabs)
  3. Trilobita (trilobites- extinct)
  4. Crustacea (lobsters, crabs)
  5. Hexapoda (insects)
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48
Q

general description of arthropoda

A

-no cilia
-appendages with joints
-no nephridia
-haemocoel instead of coelom
-body segmented into tagmata
-hard protective exoskeleton containing chitin
-molt exoskeleton to increase in size (ecdysis)

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49
Q

stages of molt

A

premolt (rupture of membrane between abdomen and carapace) –> molt (old carapace separates and rises and abdomen emerges) –> intermolt

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50
Q

what the the exoskeleton?

A

-non-living (non-growing)
-made of chitin, protein, and calcium
-used by animal to move

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51
Q

what are the layers of the exoskeleton?

A

-over entire body, exoskeleton is made of plates joined by flexible hinges called sclerites
1. epicuticle
-thin epicuticle
-waxy texture
-no chitin
2. procuticle
-multiple layers
-chitin bound with protein
-lightweight and flexible
-protects against dehydration
-exocuticle is produced before molting
3. epidermis
-secretes cuticle

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52
Q

process of molt

A

-hormones begin process
-old cuticle separates from epidermis
-enzymes released to recycle procuticle
-new epicuticle and procuticle start to form
-animal expands and pushes on old exoskeleton
-as the animal exits, new cuticle is being secreted

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53
Q

general features of crustaceans

A

-all appendages except first antennae are biramous (two main branches)
-presence of nauplius larvae
-bilateral symmetry
-compound eyes
-2 antennae
-jointed appendages
-cuticular exoskeleton
-three tagamata (segments fused for common function)
-many have thorax fused with head to form cephalothorax
-non-segmented rostrum
-non-segmnted telson with uropods form tail
-dorsal covering (carapace)

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54
Q

appendages of crustaceans

A

-evolved from modifications of the basic biramous appendages
-used for eating, holding/crushing food, capturing prey, and walking

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55
Q

feeding in crustaceans

A

-filter feeding
-predation
-scavenging
-food is shredded by mandibles
-food is ground up by gastric mill
-passed into the intestine for digestion

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56
Q

respiration and circulation in crustaceans

A

-open circulatory system
-hemolymph is involved in gas transfer
-may have copper or iron containing pigment (Hemocyanin or Hemoglobin)
-have gills under carapace

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57
Q

excretory system of crustaceans

A

-green gland
-hydrostatic pressure of hemocoel forces fluid to filter into the gland
-resorption of salts and amino acids occurs as the filtrate passes the excretory tubule and bladder
-regulates the ionic/ osmotic composition of body fluids

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58
Q

nervous system of crustaceans

A

-similar to annelids
-fused ganglia throughout the body
-brain connects the eyes and two pairs of antennae
-subesophageal ganglion connects to brain and supplies nerves to the rest of the body

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59
Q

sense organs of crustaceans

A

-compound eyes
-statocysts
-tactile bristles (setae), mostly on mouthparts and telson
-chemical sensing of taste and smell occurs on setae

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60
Q

how do compound eyes work in crustaceans

A

-single unit is called ommatidia
-each unit works like a separate tiny eye
-contains pigment
-they can see in all directions simultaneously
-image is fuzzy
-transparent cuticle (cornea) covers the eye

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61
Q

reproduction in crustaceans

A

-dioecious
-most decapods brood eggs in brood chambers, attached to the abdomen or abdominal appendages
-crayfish develop directly without a larval form
-otherwise it is indirect development
-nauplius is the most common larval life stage (3 pairs of appendages all for swimming)

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62
Q

other important crustaceans

A
  1. class maxillopoda (subclass copepoda)
    -the eye is unique in structure
    -small but important part of food web
  2. class malacostraca
    –order isopoda
    -only truly terrestrial crustaceans
    -need moist habitat
    -also have marine and freshwater forms
    -dorsoventrally flattened, lack a carapace, have sessile compound eyes
    –order decapoda
    -5 pairs of walking legs
    - includes crayfish, lobsters, crabs, and true shrimp
    -crabs have broader cephalothorax and reduced abdomen compared to crayfish and lobsters
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63
Q

what is a protostomes

A

mouth develops first in gastrula

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64
Q

what is a deuterostome

A

-anus develops first in gastrula
-includes: echinodermata, hemichordata, chordata

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65
Q

what are the 5 classes of echinodermata?

A
  1. asteroidea (sea stars)
  2. ophiuroids (brittle stars)
  3. holothurians (sea cucumbers)
  4. Echinoids (sea urchins)
  5. Crinoids (sea lilies)
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66
Q

what is the general form of asteroidea?

A

-ambulacral area from mouth to each tip of arm
-ambulacral groove bordered by podia
-movable spines surround and protect the podia cover much of animal surface
-radial nerve occurs just below thin cell layer in the center of the groove
-endoskeleton lies under the radial nerve, extend into spines
-endoskeleton made of calcareous plates (ossicles)
-contains catch collagen that can be controlled to change from liquid to solid
-papulae are small projections of coelomic cavity (gas exchange and excretion)

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67
Q

what is the water vascular system in asteroidea?

A

-used for movement, food-gathering, respiration, excretion
-hydraulic system that uses muscular pressure to coelom
-ampulla are muscular sacks that hold fluid above the podia –> contraction forces fluid into the podia and stiffens them for walking (creates suction cup)

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68
Q

feeding and digestion in asteroidea

A

-cardiac stomach can be everted through the mouth
-upper stomach is smaller and connected to digestive glands
-digestion is mostly extracellular

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69
Q

nervous system of asteroidea

A

-tube feet connect to central nervous system
-no brain
-all podia move in one direction but not in unison
-cutting a radial nerve ends coordination in one arm
-cutting a circumoral nerve ring stops all movement

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70
Q

sense organs in asteroida

A

-tactile organs are scattered over the surface and an ocellus (simple eye) at the tip of each arm
-reacts to touch, temperature, chemicals, and light
-mainly active at night

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71
Q

reproduction in asteroidea

A

-sexes separate in most species
-pair of gonads in each arm
-fertilization is external
-gametes are shed into the water in early summer
-indirect development
-bilateral symmetry in larvae
-arms can regenerate if at least one fifth of the central disc is present
-can voluntary lose arms (to escape predators)

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72
Q

general info about brittle stars

A

-organs contained in central disc
-entire arms are moved in pairs for locomotion (no tube feet)
-5 movable plates act as jaws and surround the mouth
-no anus

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73
Q

general info about sea cucumbers

A

-extended along oral-aboral axis
-suspension/deposit feeders
-trap particles on the mucus of tentacles, ingesting particles in pharynx
-cast out part of viscera when irritated (organs of cuvier) (sticky and have a toxin)
-breathe through their butts

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74
Q

general info about sea urchins

A

-outer covering is row of hard plates with moveable spines
-may produce toxins to paralyze prey
-eaten by sea otters
-can cause urchin barrens if numbers not controlled
-feed on algae or detritus

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75
Q

general info about sea lilies

A

-“upside down” compared to others echinoderms
-stretch arms to feed on plankton and suspended particles
-can attach to surface with a stalk or can swim
-arms resemble feathers
-upper surface has mouth that opens into esophagus and intestine
-tube feet and mucous nets allows it to feed on small organisms in the ambulacral grooves
-live attached most of their life
-deep water species

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76
Q

general info about annelida

A

-segmented worms
-triploblasts
-bilateral symmetry
-outer covering (cutile)
-eucoelomates (hydrostatic skeleton, longitudial and circular muscles surrounding the body)
-2 cavities (gut and coelom)

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77
Q

what is metamerism?

A

-independent movement of each segment
-needs more complex nervous system
-if one segment is injured the animal can still function

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78
Q

what class do earthworms belong to?

A

clitellata

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79
Q

describe the class clitellata?

A

-all have a clitellum
-most found in freshwater or moist terrestrial environment
-marine and parasitic forms as well

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80
Q

clitellata response to stimuli

A

-2 cerebral ganglia for processing stimuli
-ventral nerve cord travels length of body
-pair of ganglia in each segment
-giant axons in ventral nerve cord for rapid escape movement

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81
Q

movement in clitellata

A

-contract circular muscles (segments become elongated)
-contract longitudinal muscles (segments become short and wide) (helps anchor body)
-setae

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82
Q

describe setae in clitellata

A

-aid in movement
-extend from pores in cuticles
-act as anchors in earthworms
-moved by muscles
-4 pairs per segment
-helps anchor body and facilitate movement

83
Q

feeding in clitellata

A

-scavengers
-food in the mouth, moves to pharynx, crop, gizzard
-digestion/absorption at intestine
-waste released at anus

84
Q

respiration in clitellata

A

-no specialized organs for respiration
-moist skin allows passive transfer of gases across body covering to blood
-hemoglobin in blood carries oxygen, carbon dioxide released
-circulatory system is present to allows gas exchange throughout body

85
Q

excretion in clitellata

A

-some releases excess water/salts at skin
-specialized organ (Nephridia) 2 per segment

86
Q

nephridia in clitellata

A

-opening to coelom and outside animal
-coelomic fluid passes through
-selective resorption as fluid passes through

87
Q

reproduction in annelids

A

-sexual reproduction
-no asexual reproduction
-some clitellates reproduce asexually by budding
-direct development
-no metamorphosis
-juveniles resemble adults, but smaller

88
Q

what is the clitellum

A

-ring of secretory cells
-secretes mucous to join worms
-always visible in oligochaetes
-only visible during mating season in leeches
-monoecious
-sexual organs at segments 9-15
-mutual insemination
-clitellum produces cocoon where fertilization occurs
-both partners produce cocoon
-young worms emerge in 2-3 weeks

89
Q

what do earthworms do?

A

-intestines of the soil
-breakdown of organic matter and mixing of soils
-sign of healthy soil
-important as a food source for birds, snakes, mammals, invertebrates, etc

90
Q

what are Errantia?

A

-free moving annelids
-traditionally called polychaetes (having setae)
-mostly marine, some freshwater
-can be very abundant
-important food source
-well differentiated head; parapodia sense organs
-more sense organs than clitellates
-some somites specialized

91
Q

general info about polychaetes

A

-predators/scavengers
-head: 2 sections with eyes and other sensing organs, surrounded by mouth and may have setae or chitinous jaws
-tail: tubular, complete gut ends at the anus

92
Q

respiration of polychaetes

A

parapodia
-paired appendages
-bundles of setae
-multifunctional
-contain respiratory capillaries
-may have gills
-paddle-like shape and strong musculature
-sensory cirri present
-lost in other annelids

93
Q

excretion of polychaetes

A

-nephridia (2 per segment)
-same as in earthworms

94
Q

reproduction of polychaetes

A

Asexual reproduction
-fission, fragmentation (pieces regenerate), or budding in some species
Sexual reproduction
-most dioecious
-M/F gonads develop temporarily and gametes released
-fertilization occurs externally
-early larvae are called trochophore larvae
-indirect development
-some cycle between: sexually immature atokes and epitokes where posterior swells with gametes and they break off

95
Q

what are sedentaria?

A

-tube dwelling annelids
-found in freshwater, marine, or terrestrial
-some are parasitic
-bodies are similar to Errantia (mostly)
-heads may have long tentacles for food capture
-parapodia are reduced in size, specialized as an anchor

96
Q

feeding in sedentaria

A

filter or deposit feeder

97
Q

respiration in sedentaria

A

use gills

98
Q

what are oligochaetes?

A

in the class clitellata and can be freshwater and parasitic

99
Q

general info about freshwater oligochaetes

A

-smaller than terrestrial
-more conspicuous setae
-more developed sense organs
-benthic
-important food source for fish

100
Q

what are animals in the order hirudinea

A

-in class clitellata
-leeches
-mostly freshwater, some marine, some terrestrial
-no setae
-body has 34 segments
-suckers on anterior and posterior end
-monoecious
-clitella only visible during mating

101
Q

feeding of leeches

A

-many species are predatory on small invertebrates
- some climb trees to reach vertebrates
-temporary/permanent parasites (feed on blood)
-have cutting plates or jaws for cutting tissue
-salivary glands for releasing anesthetics and anticoagulants

102
Q

respiration and excretion in leeches

A

-gas exchange through skin
-nephridia for excretion

103
Q

nervous system of leeches

A

-very sensitive in presence of prey
-will often attach to objects smeared with fish cells, oil secretion, sweat, etc
-if they feed on mammals they are attracted to body heat
-have sensillae that are clusters of sensory cells

104
Q

reproduction in leeches

A

-clitellum develops only during breeding season
-monoecious but need mating partner
-cocoon secreted as fertilization occurs as it moves
-similar to oligochaetes

105
Q

general info about hexapods

A

-six legs
-all legs are uniramous (segments attach end-to-end without splitting)
-have 3 body segments (tagmata): head, thorax, abdomen

106
Q

general info about the class Insecta

A

-base of mouth parts outside of head capsule
-most have 2 pairs of wings on thorax
-more species of insects than other animals combined
-integral role in environment, and medical and economic roles in human life

107
Q

important info about adult insects

A

-mouthparts outside of head capsule
-2 pairs of wings
-no appendages on abdomen
-3 tagmata

108
Q

metamorphosis in hexapoda

A

-exoskeleton must be shed between stages (multiple stages in life)
-exoskeleton limits body size
-each shed is a molt (ecdysis)
-each stage between molts is called an instar

109
Q

incomplete metamorphosis

A

-Hemimetabolous
-gradual change
-young are called nymphs (wing-less)
-bud-like growth of wing pads in early instars shows where wings will develop
-egg–> nymph–> adult
-grasshoppers, dragonflies, etc

110
Q

complete methamorphosis

A

-Holometabolous
-about 88% of insects undergo complete metamorphosis
-larvae and adults often live in completely different environments and have different morphology
-after many larval instars the larval moth or butterfly become a pupa inside a cocoon or chrysalis
-often pass the winter in cocoon or chrysalis
-adult emerges as the final molt
-egg–> larva–> pupa–> adult

111
Q

movement of insecta

A

-legs can be modified for walking, jumping, burrowing, swimming, grabbing prey, and collecting pollen
-walking usually involves a triangle of legs moving at a time (improves stability)
-wings are outgrowth of cuticle from the throax
-not homologous to bird or mammal wings
-wings can be used for flight or protection
-2 pairs of wings, only true flies have 1 pair

112
Q

explain flight control of insecta

A

-muscles controlling wings
-can flap wings directly
-can change the shape of the body (indirectly moving the wings)

113
Q

feeding of instecta

A

-most feed on plant fluid or tissue
-many beetles and insect larvae feed on dead animals
-some insects catch live prey
-many insects are parasitic at some point in their lives
-many wasps are parasites that always kill their host (parasitoid)

114
Q

digestion of insecta

A
  1. foregut
    -mouth, esophagus, crop, gizzard
  2. midgut
    -stomach, gastric ceca
    -primary site of digestion and absorption
    -ceca may increase digestive and absorptive area
  3. hindgut
    -intestine, rectum, anus
    -primary site for water absorption
115
Q

circulation in insecta

A

-open circulatory system
-muscular heart similar to crustaceans
-blood (hemolymph) does not transport oxygen in most insects
-hemolymph also pumped by muscular pumps around the body and by animal movement

116
Q

respiration in insecta

A

Tracheal system
-network of thin walled tubes that branch into the body
-hard taenidial ring supports the structure
-allows gas transport without oxygen carrying pigment
-“exhale” when muscles contract in movement. increased exoskeleton pressure contract the tracheae
-“inhale” when muscles relax and taenidial ring recoils. the tracheae expands

117
Q

excretion and water balance in insecta

A

-malpighian tubules carry out waste
-tubules vary in number but join between mid and hind gut
-blind end allows transfer from hemolymph
-main waste product is uric acid
-rectal glands absorb water

118
Q

nervous system of insecta

A

-similar to annelids brain (fused nerve cells, or ganglia but more)
-antennae used as sense organs
-other sense organs are microscopic

119
Q

sense organs in insecta

A
  1. Touch
    -also pressure and vibration
    -single hair like setae
    -common on antennae
  2. hearing
    -sensitive setae detect airborne sounds
    -organs on legs detect vibrations
    -membrane like Tympanal organs
    -important in insects hunted by bats
  3. taste and smell
    -bundles of sensory cells in sensory pits
    -located on mouthparts, antennae, and legs
    -important for feeding, mating, host-parasite relationships
  4. sight
    -2 types: simple and compound
    -simple eyes have a single lens focusing on the retina
    -compound eyes have many lenses focusing on retina
120
Q

reproduction in insecta

A

-sexual reproduction is common
-parthenogenesis is important in some life cycles
-attracting mates can be done through: smelly pheromones, flashy bioluminescence, loud calls, seductive courtship movements
-fertilization occurs internally
-females mate only once and store sperm for the rest of their lives
-females can either lay a few eggs and care for them or many at once
-environmental cues cause changes to the production of hormones that cause molting
-diapause

121
Q

what is lepidoptera?

A

-order of insecta
-butterflies and moths
-wings covered in scales
-mouthparts are tubes used to drink/suck nectar
-caterpillars (larvae) with chewing mouthparts, silk glands for making cocoon

122
Q

what is hymenoptera?

A

-order of insecta
-ants, bees, wasps
-narrow wings
-mouthparts for chewing or lapping liquids
-ovipositor sometimes specialized as stinger
-larvae are mostly legless, blind, maggot like

123
Q

what is trichoptera?

A

-order of insecta
-caddisfly
-aquatic larvae and pupae
-pair of simple eyes
-chewing mouthparts
-3 pairs of thoracic legs
-posterior hook like appendages
-many form cases or trap food in nets

124
Q

what is ephemeroptera?

A

-mayfly
-nymph aquatic
-three tail filaments
-lateral or ventral external gills
-single claw at the end of each leg

125
Q

what is coleoptera?

A

-beetles, fireflies, weevils
-aquatic larvae
-variable in structure
-highly sclerotized (dark colour)
-prominent mouthparts for biting and chewing
-protective front wings that are thickened

126
Q

what are diptera?

A

-true flies
-house flies, fruit flies, mosquitoes
-aquatic larvae
-lack segmented thoracic legs (fleshy prolegs)
-head sclerotized
-single pair of wings
-sucking mouthparts

127
Q

what are the characteristics of chordates?

A
  1. dorsal nerve cord
  2. notochord
  3. endostyle
  4. pharyngeal pouches
  5. postanal tail
128
Q

what is the notochord?

A

-always found at some embryonic stage
-can bend without shortening and permits undulation
-flexible but stiff tissue
-extends the length of the body between the gut and the nervous system
-acts to stiffen the body, providing skeletal scaffolding for the attachment of swimming muscles
-first nerve chord but not bony
-in most vertebrates the notochord was replaced by vertebrae

129
Q

what is the dorsal tubular nerve cord

A

-key component of the nervous system
-in most invertebrate, never cord is solid and ventral to digestive tract
-in chordates, single tubular cord is dorsal to digestive tract and anterior end enlarges to for the brain
-in vertebrates, the nerve cord passes through protective vertebrae and brain is protected by cranium

130
Q

what are the pharyngeal pouches and slits

A

-pharyngeal slits lead from pharyngeal cavity to the outside environment or forms a pocket
-in protochordates, it forms a slit for filter feeding
-in fish, pharynx further transformed and makes up internal gills
-in humans, make up part of middle ear, ear drum, tonsils, and other structures

131
Q

what is the endostyle or thyroid gland

A

-found in chordates and no other animals
-some cells in endostyle secrete proteins (homologous to hormone secreting thyroid gland)
-secretes mucus in ancestral chordates to aid in filter feeding

132
Q

what is the postanal tail

A

-allows swimming
-efficiency increased in fishes
-became smaller or vestigial later
-lost at around 4 weeks in human fetus

133
Q

what are the 3 major subdivisions of chordates?

A

-craniata or vertebrata
-tunicata or urochordata (marine)
-cephalochordata (marine)

134
Q

general info about cephalochordata

A

-commonly called lancelets and amphioxus
-about 29 known species
-found in sandy bottom of costal water
-filter feeders
-similar to chordates prior to vertebrates

135
Q

characteristics of amphioxus

A

-water enters mouth by cilia into buccal cavity and pharynx
-water passes through pharyngeal slits where food is trapped by muscous secreted by endostyle
-food moved through gut by cilia and digested by phagocytosis
-closed circulatory system but no heart
-respiration at body surface
-no hemoglobin
-excretion via organs similar to nephridia
-dioecious, fertilize externally and have direct development

136
Q

what are ascidiacea

A

-found subphylum tunicata
-about 3000 known species
-commonly called sea squirts
-found in all seas at all depths
-filter feeders
-can be colonial or solitary species
-water brought in through incurrent siphon and out through excurrent
-traps food in mucus net and cilia move food to stomach
-one nerve ganglion
-no respiratory or excretory system in most

137
Q

what are thaliacea

A

-part of tunicata subphylum
-pelagic
-colonial
-often bioluminescent
-includes salps and pyrosomes
-monoecious with single ovary and single teste
-external fertilization
-have all 5 chordate features as larvae but lose many as they develop

138
Q

general info about craniata

A

-all have cranium enclosing the brain
-cranium and skeleton may be made of cartilage or bone
-endoskeleton supports body and allows for much larger body size
-muscles attached to endoskeleton allow movement
-cartilage skeleton developed prior to bone
-bone is stronger than cartilage and superior of muscle attachment
-some still have skeleton of cartilage
-bones may have evolved for mineral regulation

139
Q

what are the two types of skeletons

A

Axial
-skull
-vertebral column
-ribs
-sternum (in tetrapods)
-medial fins
Appendicular
-limbs
-pectoral girdle
-pelvic girdle

140
Q

what are the major vertebrate classes?

A

-jawless fish (hagfish, lamprey)
-cartilaginous fishes (sharks, skates, and rays)
-bony fishes (trout)
-amphibians
-reptiles and birds
-mammals

141
Q

what are ray-finned fish

A

-fins are supported by bone or spines which are connected to the skeleton
-skin over the bone to be web-like fin

142
Q

what are Actinopterygii

A

-class
-ray-finned fishes
-in infraclass Teleostei
-make up 96% of all living fish and half of vertebrates
-found from high altitudes to great depths
-large temperature range
-marine and freshwater
-specialized scales, fins, and tails allow great mobility
-changes in jaw structure allow new types of prey to be caught

143
Q

what characteristics are true for all vertebrates

A

-blood transports nutrients, gases, and other substances
-ventral 3 chamber heart
-red blood cells contain hemoglobin
-have paired glomerular kidneys to remove metabolic waste products and regulate body fluid composition

144
Q

what is the swim bladder

A

-filled with air for buoyancy
-gas diffuses to fill bladder
-also involved in sensing

145
Q

info about scales

A

-light and allow mobility
-capture prey easier and escape predators better
-teleost scales overlap which reduces drag
-grow by adding outer rings

146
Q

nervous system of teleosts

A

-anterior end of dorsal tubular nerve is enlarged to form a tripartite brain (forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain)
-brain protected by cranium
-weberian ossicles allow sensing of sounds as vibrations within inner ear (small bones) (primarily freshwater)
-transfer vibrations from the swim bladder to the inner ear

147
Q

feeding of teleosts

A

-evolutions of jaws meant new types of food not just filter feeding
-most fish are carnivores
-fish (mostly) cannot chew their food (would block water flow to gills)
-swallow food whole
-modified jaw produces a pucker that sucks food into mouth from negative pressure

148
Q

respiration in teleosts

A

-gills are filaments with thin membranes as plate like lamellae
-gills located inside pharyngeal cavity and covered by the operculum
-gas surface occurs at surface of gills
-water flow controlled by pumping of operculum (some may use ram ventilation)
-water continuously flows over gills
-water flow is opposite to blood flow
-countercurrent exchange maximizes exchange of gases

149
Q

water balance in teleosts

A

-osmotic regulation occurs at the gills
-freshwater is hypotonic to fish blood
-water enters body and salt is lost by diffusion
-scaled and mucous covered body is mostly impermeable but gills allow water and salt fluxes

150
Q

freshwater fish water balance

A

-hyperosmotic regulators
-kidney pumps excess water out
-special salt absorbing cells located in epithelium actively move salt ions from water into fishes’ blood
-the system is efficient and the fish spends little energy on this

151
Q

marine fish water balance

A

-hypoosmotic regulators
-blood is hypotonic to seawater
-low blood salt compared to sea water means they would lose water at gills
-must drink in seawater but this brings in more salt
-salt-secreting cells in gills
-salt ions not absorbed from waste
-kidneys do not absorb salts

152
Q

reproduction in fish

A

-most are dioecious with external fertilization
-some are ovoviviparous fish that develop in ovarian cavity (embryo develops in egg in mother until ready to hatch)
-some sharks are viviparous with some kind of placental attachment to nourish young (live birth)
-most are oviparous pelagic fish that lay large numbers of eggs with no development inside mother

153
Q

salmon in canada

A

-fish farming has grown a lot in past decades
-salmon are anadromous (grow up in sea, spawn in freshwater)
-atlantic salmon make repeated spawning runs
-pacific salmon spawn once and die

154
Q

pacific salmon (sockeye) life cycle

A

-migrate downstream
-roam pacific for 4 years
-returns to spawn in parents’ stream
-young fish are imprinted with odour of their stream
-can migrate to stream by sensing earth magnetic field or angle of the sun and then smelling their way home

155
Q

features that unite bony fish to tetrapods

A

-bone replaces cartilage during development
-lung or swim bladder is present
-have several unique cranial and dental characteristics

156
Q

what characteristics made it possible for aquatic animals to explore terrestrial habitats

A

-air-filled cavity functioned as a swim bladder
-paired nares used as chemoreceptors (used to draw in air on land)
-bony elements of paired fins that were used for movement under water were still used for locomotion on land

157
Q

what first made the transition to land?

A

-vascular plants
-pulmonate snails
-tracheate arthropods

158
Q

what physical differences must be addressed moving onto land

A

-oxygen is 20 times more abundant in air than water
-air is 1000 times less dense which means it provides less buoyancy and skeleton must support more weight
-air fluctuates in temperature more rapidly than water and body must adjust to this
-manage water loss

159
Q

tetrapods vs fish

A

-stronger backbone
-muscles to support body in air
-muscles to elevate head
-stronger shoulder and hip girdles
-more protective rib cage
-modified ear structure to detect airborne sounds

160
Q

general info about class amphibia

A

-eggs must be kept moist
-larvae depend on gills for respiration
-thin skin loses water quickly so must be kept moist

161
Q

life cycle of a frog

A

-male fertilizes eggs as they are shed from female
-embryo nourished by yolk
-tadpole begins feeding on algae and has external gills
-skinfold grows over external gill, and water exits through spiracle
-hindlimbs then forelimbs emerge
-tail shortens by reabsorption, metamorphosis is near completion
-sexually mature at 3 years

162
Q

salamanders

A

-burrow but some aquatic forms have lost their limbs
-carnivorous
-most have aquatic larvae and terrestrial adults
-some lay eggs in water
-some lay eggs on land under logs or in soft earth
-only terrestrial species undergo direct development

163
Q

frogs and toads

A

-must live near water source (for reproduction and skin)
-all have tailed larval stage (tadpole) and tailless jumping adults

164
Q

what are amniotes?

A

-arose from amphibian like tetrapod
-changes in skull represent changes in jaw musculature
-eggs adapted to be laid on land

165
Q

adaptations of amniotes eggs

A

amniotic egg
-allows larger, faster growing embryos
- all have 4 membranes:
1. amnion
-cushions the embryo and provides an aqueous medium for growth
2. allantois
-holds metabolic waste
3. chorion
-highly vascularized respiratory surface
4. yolk sac
-nutrient storage

166
Q

other adaptations of amniotes

A

-no gills in larvae which means a fully terrestrial life cycle
-internal fertilization
-thicker, water proof skin which means no capacity for respiration
-lungs are primary site of respiration

167
Q

class Aves

A

-inhabit all biomes
-forelimbs are wings with feathers (lift and propulsion)
-efficient respiratory system (meet high oxygen)
-light “hollow” bones (provide light but rigid airframe

168
Q

feathers

A

-homologous to reptile scales
-hollow quill emerges from skin follicle and continues as the rachis (shaft)
-rachis has numerous barbs
-several hundred barbs are arranged to form flat webbed surface (vane)
-up to 600 barbules in each side of barb
-barbules overlap and zip together with tiny hooks

169
Q

skeleton of aves

A

-must be light to fly
-bones are pneumatized to reduce mass (have branching structure on inside but filled with many air cavities

170
Q

respiratory system of aves

A

-very different from all other tetrapods
-have lungs with air sacs lining the sides
-have parabronchi inside lungs
-large portion of air bypasses lungs and flows directly into air sacs on inspiration
-on expiration, oxygenated air flows through lungs
-on second inspiration air flows into another air sac
-on second expiration, air flows out
-takes 2 cycles for a single breath to pass through system
-most efficient system for vertebrates

171
Q

what are air sacs used for?

A

-helps cool bird during vigorous exercise
-air sacs extend into bones, legs, and wings, providing buoyancy

172
Q

key characteristics of mammals

A

-synapsid skull
-hair
-mammary glands
-fertilization occurs internally and care for young
-warm-blooded (regulate blood temperature internally)
-sweat glands are common to cool the body (aquatic and with thick fur have lost or reduced sweat glands)

173
Q

hair in mammals

A

-hair follicle is epidermal but lies in dermis of skin
-grows continously by rapid proliferation of cells in the follicle
-cells in hair shaft are shifted upwards away from their source of nourishment
-they accumulate keratin and die

174
Q

different hair structures of mammals

A

-deer have brittle hairs
-wolverine have hollow hairs
-rabbits have hair that are scaled and interlocked
-sheep have curly hair that grows from curved follicles

175
Q

molting of hair

A

-periodic molts of the entire coat
-foxes and seals shed once every summer
-most mammals molt twice, in the spring and fall
-some molting changes fur colour for better camouflage

176
Q

patterns in hair

A

-patterns are disruptive and conceal animal (camouflage)

177
Q

whiskers

A

-vibrissae
-sensory hairs
-provide tactile sense for nocturnal animals

178
Q

true horns

A

-ruminants have them
-hollow sheaths of keratinized epidermis
-surround a core of bone rising from the skull
-usually not shed or branched but can curve
-grow continuously and both sexes have them

179
Q

antlers

A

-occur in deer family
-composed of solid bone when mature
-develop annually in spring with highly vascular soft skin (velvet)
-only males have antlers except for caribou
-just before breeding season, velvet is removed by rubbing against trees

180
Q

what are the 3 categories of mammals

A
  1. monotremes
    -non-placental egg laying
  2. marsupials
    -protect/ feed their young in an external pocket/pouch
  3. eutherians
    -nourish their young internally through the placenta
181
Q

more info about monotremes

A

-lay eggs once a year
-eggs fertilized internally before leathery shells form
-no gestation period (all nutrients contained within egg)

182
Q

more info about marsupials

A

-primitive placenta
-embryo initially surrounded by shell membrane and “hatches” internally and absorb nutrients from yolk sac and sits on uterine wall
-brief gestation period
-born very early in development
-continue to develop in pouch

183
Q

more info about eutherians

A

-placental mammals
-embryo nourished in uterus via placenta
-long gestation period
-generally fairly developed upon birth

184
Q

what is the placenta

A

-organ made of embryonic and maternal tissues with extensive blood supply
-supplies the embryo with nutrients, and oxygen, and it removes waste chemicals and CO2

185
Q

what are turbellaria?

A

-class of platyhelminthes
-found in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial
-differentiated by pharynx and gut
-macrostomida
-polycladia (folded pharynx and very branched gut)
-tricladia (3 branched gut)

186
Q

feeding of turbellaria

A

-mostly carnivores
-feed on annelids, molluscs
-incomplete gut
-extend pharynx to find prey, then release digestive enzymes on prey, and suck up remains
-gut lined with phagocytic cells which continue digestion

187
Q

movement in turbellaria

A

-cilia in smaller members
-muscle contractions

188
Q

what are rhabdite cells

A

-secrete protective mucous sheath
-located in epidermis
-prevents drying in terrestrial species

189
Q

gas transfer in turbellaria

A

-across epidermis
-no special organs

190
Q

excretion and osmoregulation in turbellaria

A

-specialized organs
-have protonephridia that regulates excess water
-found in most platyhelminthes

191
Q

function of protonephridia

A

-functional unit is the flame cell
-flagella move fluids to collecting ducts
-wall of duct has microvilli to resorb ions and water
-some metabolic waste is lost this way (most lost by diffusion across cell wall)
-collecting ducts join and empty at nephridipores

192
Q

sensing the outside world

A

-distinct brain (cerebral ganglion)
-thickened mass of nerve cells
-neurons specialized for sensory and motor
-have ocelli (sense organs)

193
Q

sense organs of turbellaria

A

-locomotion favoured cephalization and evolution of sense organs
-ocelli are light sensitive eyespots
-tactile and chemoreceptive cells abundant in auricles
-statocysts (equilibrium) and rheoreceptors (direction of water currents) are present in some

194
Q

reproduction in turbellaria

A

Asexual
-fission
-sometimes form zooids (temporarily attached offspring)
Sexual
-mainly monoecious
-fertilize eggs in a cocoon attached to rocks or plants
-juveniles resemble adults in freshwater
-marine juveniles are ciliated larvae

195
Q

what are neodermata?

A

-parasitic platyhelminthes
-have neodermis

196
Q

general info about trematodes

A

-in neodermata
-endoparasitic (mostly vertebrates)
-leaf like shape
-1or more suckers
-more than 1 host
-“fluke”

197
Q

general info about monogeneans

A

-in neodermata
-ectoparasitic (mostly fish)
-posterior hooks
-1 host
-“fluke”

198
Q

general info about cestodes

A

-tapeworms
-in neodermata
-endoparasitic (vertebrates)
-anterior scolex with suckers, hooks, and spines

199
Q

trematodes

A

Structural adaptations for parasitism
-attachment organs (suckers and hooks)
-gland cells for host penetration structures or cysts
-high rate of reproduction
have well developed gut (blind gut)

200
Q

fasciola hepatica

A

-sheep liver fluke
-adult fluke on liver
-eggs pass in feces
-miracidia (larva) ends up in water
-burrows into snail and eats gonads and creates sporocysts
-transform to radiaae and replicate time (2 generations)
-form into cercaria
-swim to vegetation and wait to be eaten
-eaten by sheep as metacercaria

201
Q

schistosoma

A

-blood fluke
-common in Africa, South America, West Indies, and Middle and Far East
-dioecious
-3 species in humans (mostly): S. mansoni, S. japonicum, S. haemotobium
-borrow into human skin
-get to the liver through blood
-develop into adult in liver
-eggs get passed in feces
-egg hatches in water
-miracidium burrows in snail where sporocyst develops
-then sexual reproduction occurs in water as cercariae

202
Q

cestodes

A

-rely on host’s digestive tract
-absorb digested nutrients
-have no gut
-almost all have 2 or more hosts
-scolex is followed by series of reproductive units (proglottids)
-muscles, excretory, and nervous system similar to other flat worms
-no sensory organs
-most are monoecious, some are dioecious
-absorb nutrients through tegument
-have projections coving body surface to increase surface area to absorb nutrients

203
Q

the beef tapeworm

A

-juveniles live in intermuscular tissue of cattle
-mature adults can reach over 10m with over 2000 proglottids
-well cooked and pre frozen beef kills cysticercoids
live in definitive host
-live in human attached to epithelium of small intestine
-sheds sexually fertilized eggs that are released in feces
-sperm is released and swims to gravid proglottid
-self fertilization is common but cross fertilization is optimal

204
Q

the pork tapeworm

A

-juveniles live in muscles of pig
-both adult and cysticerci develop in humans
-migrate to various organs to form cysticerci including the eyes and brain
-cysticercosis can lead to blindness, serious neurological symptoms, or death

BIOL 110 Intro to Zoology (2 decks)

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