Final Exam

Question 1

What are the 5 influences on what we interpret things? (Pragmatics)

Answer 1

Context
Deixis
inference
Anaphora
Presupposition

Question 2

What does inference consist on?

Answer 2

We can use nouns associated with things to refer to people and use proper nouns to refer to things

Question 3

What is presupposition?

Answer 3

What a speaker or writer assumes is true or assumes his.er listeners.s know

Question 4

What tool identifies a presupposition?

Answer 4

The constancy under negation test (ex.: My car is very old
My car is not very old
The presupposition I have a car stays the same)

Question 5

4 Gricean Maxims

Answer 5

Quantity
Quality
Relation: be relevant
Manner: Be clear, brief and orderly

Question 6

What is The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis (surrounding the concept of linguistic relativity)

Answer 6

WE view the world and dissect nature through our own native languages. (ex.: Inuit words for snow)

Question 7

Examples of narrowing in the History of English

Answer 7

mete meant all food, but now meat means only food from animals

apple meant all fruits but now only means this specific fruit

Question 8

Examples of Broadening

Answer 8

bird=small chicken, all winged creatures
foda=food for animals, now all kinds of food
holy day= religious feast, holiday=day off

Question 9

Plural morpheme in Old english (nominative forme)

Answer 9

-as

Question 10

Plural morpheme by the Middle English period

Answer 10

-es

Question 11

word order in PDE=SVO, but in OE?

Answer 11

VS

Question 12

Different types of Antonyms

Answer 12

Gradeable
Non-gradeable
Reversive

Question 13

Examples of hyponymy

Answer 13

vegetable-carrot, flower-rose, animal-dog-poodle

Question 14

Examples of prototypes

Answer 14

furniture- chair, clothing-shirts

Question 15

Example of Metonymy

Answer 15

I drank the whole bottle

Question 16

Example of Collocation

Answer 16

table and… chair, etc.

Question 17

All lexical relations

Answer 17

Synonyms
Antonyms
Hyponymy
Prototypes
Metonymy
Collocation
Polysemy
Homonyms
Homophones

Question 18

What did Beowulf do?

Answer 18

Show the descriptive power of the language

Question 19

When was the Black Death?

Answer 19

1349-1350

Question 20

Impact of the Black Death on language?

Answer 20

The labouring and merchant classes grew in economic importance and so did the language they spoke

Question 21

Who’s the most famous example of Middle English

Answer 21

Chaucer

Question 22

When did the Great Vowel Shift occur?

Answer 22

1400-1600

Question 23

Shakespeare coined…

Answer 23

Over 2000 new words

Question 24

Certain types of changes are very common whereas others are extremely unlikely= ?

Answer 24

The most natural development principle

Question 25

Majority principle=?

Answer 25

If two or three languages begin with one sound….