Final Exam

Question 1

What does MOWS stand for?

Answer 1

Medication order writing standards– defines a complete medication order and lists banned abbreviations, acronyms and symbols adapted from the Institute for Safe Medication Practices

Question 2

What is subjective data?

Answer 2

-based on personal interpretation from the client
-client description of symptoms and relevant information the client shares with you

Question 3

What is objective data?

Answer 3

-factual
-signs
-measurements
-what you can see, hear, touch, smell
-client behaviour

Question 4

What are the types of charting?

Answer 4

-narrative charting
-SOAP
-DARP

Question 5

Describe narrative charting

Answer 5

-sets the scene of the events in paragraph form
-objective information– assessment data
-subjective information– what the client states
-intervention– what did you do?
-outcomes– what happened when you did it/ the client’s response

Question 6

What does SOAP stand for?

Answer 6

S- subjective
O-objective
A-assessment
P-plan of care

I-intervention
E- evaluation of care

Question 7

What does DARP stand for?

Answer 7

D- data– objective and subjective
A- action– intervention
R- response/reaction– the clients response to your intervention
P- plan– what is your plan

Question 8

What should be included in a discharge note?

Answer 8

-client’s status at admission and discharge
-significant information about the client’s stay at the facility including:
-resolved and unresolved issues/problems
-referrals for follow-up continuing care
-client teaching and directions provided

Question 9

Information in the discharge summary

Answer 9

-information provided to the patient or receiving facility
-a concise description of any follow up needed
-resources
-actual time of discharge
-mode of transportation
-who accompanied the client out of the facility
-a copy of this is kept with the discharge note

Question 10

What is the medical approach to health?

Answer 10

-people believed health problems could be solved by medical intervention
-national health insurance helped to remove financial barriers to medical care
-believed that all health problems were related to physiological risk factors

Question 11

What is the behavioural approach to health?

Answer 11

-1974– a shift from a medical to a behavioural approach
-this report broadly defined first 4 determinants of health– lifestyle, environment, human biology and organization of health care
-Lalonde report

Question 12

What was the Lalonde report?

Answer 12

-1970s, about the health of Canadians
-emphasis was on the individual being accountable for their own health
-all levels of government should be involved in health promotion strategies such as education and social marketing
-this began the population health approach

Question 13

What is the socio-environmental approach to health?

Answer 13

-mid 1980s
-Lalonde report was criticized for victim blaming and assuming that people had control over their environment
-poverty, poor environments such as pollution, etc.
-society as a whole was deemed responsible for the health of its members

Question 14

Describe the Epp Report (1986)

Answer 14

Identified 3 major health challenges:
1) reduce inequities
2) increase prevention
3) enhancing coping mechanisms

-health is seen as more than just a absence of disease

Question 15

Describe the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion World Health Organization (1986) and what they identified

Answer 15

-identified prerequisites for health: peace, shelter, education, food, income, a stable environment, sustainable resources, social justice, equity and empowerment
-the Charter identified five strategies to promote health: build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills and re-orientate health services

Question 16

What is health promotion?

Answer 16

-the process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health
-an action that takes place where people live, work, play and love– in communities

Question 17

Define disease prevention

Answer 17

-actions to stop the development of disease or to detect and treat a disease as early as possible when it does occur

Question 18

What are the three levels of disease prevention

Answer 18

-primary– protect against disease before signs and symptoms occur
-secondary– activities to promote early detection
-tertiary– convalescence stage, helping people live with limitations and minimize debility

Question 19

Define primary care

Answer 19

-the first contact of a client with a health care service that leads to a decision regarding a plan of action to resolve an actual or potential health problems

ex. persistent productive cough and fall with a possible fracture

Question 20

Describe population health

Answer 20

-improving the determinants of health from the perspective of a nation
-improves the health needs of a community as a whole, with some initiatives focusing on special needs populations
-a focus on partnerships
-involves community participation
-a population health approach maximizes its potential by directing efforts to the root cause of health and illness

Question 21

What are downstream initiatives?

Answer 21

-directed at individual’s and carried out through personal health services
-primarily focused at modifiable common risk factors for chronic disease
-ex. smoking cessation, healthy eating habits, etc.

Question 22

What are upstream initiatives?

Answer 22

-taking on health problems that are the root causes of many of today’s health problems upstream before they become health problems
-prevention, health promotion, action on determinants of health

Question 23

Who is the current Federal Minister of Health?

Answer 23

Jean-Yves Duclos– responsible for maintaining and improving the health of Canadians

Question 24

What are the 5 levels of healthcare?

Answer 24

1) health promotion– enable people to improve their health
2) disease and injury prevention– services to reduce risk
3) diagnosis and treatment– treatment for existing issues
4) rehabilitation– restoration to their fullest ability
5) supportive care– services for those that are unable to function independently

Question 25

What is nursing informatics?

Answer 25

the practice dedicated to the use of technology to support professional practice and provide optimal patient outcomes

Question 26

What are the electronic “charts” terms that are used interchangeably? (test question)

Answer 26

-electronic health record (EHR)
-E-Chart
-Electronic Medical Record (EMR)
-Personal Health Record (PHR)

Question 27

What are the benefits of electronic health records?

Answer 27

-improved safety
-coordination of care for clients
-substantial cost savings

Question 28

What are the challenges for electronic health records?

Answer 28

-initial cost
-time
-software quality and usability
-privacy concerns
-liability
-usability lost productivity during EMR implementation
-user error

Question 29

What are the Telehealth advantages?

Answer 29

-saves patient times and money
-improves access to health services for rural Canadians
-allows for access to care
-improves health outcomes

Question 30

What are the Telehealth disadvantages?

Answer 30

-limited technological support in rural areas
-cancellation due to technology failure
-may negatively affect relational communication
-privacy issues
-sensory impairment or dementia
-intimated by technology

Question 31

Define nursing as an art

Answer 31

the intentional creative use of oneself, based upon skill and expertise, to transmit emotion and meaning to another– it is a process that is subjective and requires interpretation, sensitivity, imagination and active participation

Question 32

Define nursing as a science

Answer 32

science is a unified body of knowledge in which phenomena are observed, identified, described and investigated– yields evidence and theoretical explanation of ideas central to a specific discipline and potential resolution of problems

Question 33

What are the characteristics of a profession

Answer 33

-views occupation as life work
-opportunities for professional growth
-based on theoretical frameworks
-well defined, well organized body of specialized knowledge
-follows ethical principles
-practical
-high responsibility

Question 34

Define discipline

Answer 34

a branch of knowledge or field of study– purpose is to pursue, develop, and disseminate its distinct body of knowledge