Final Exam Flashcards
(93 cards)
What is amblyopia?
Lazy eye
Why should you not press on the eye with a pt presenting with eye trauma?
Extrusion of vitreous humor into cheek
When should you refer a pt with eye trauma to an ophthalmologist?
Diminished vision
Disturbed or asymmetric pupils
Evidence of retinal damage
Ocular misalignment (diplopia)
Hyphema (can precipitate acute glaucoma)
Homeopathy for eye trauma
Acontite - trauma, abrasions; scratched cornea, severe pain
Symphytum - blunt trauma to GLOBE
Arnica - orbit injuries, typical arnica pic
What is a Subconjunctival hemorrhage?
Spontaneous appearing patch of hemorrhage over sclera; painless, normal vision
Causes and RF Subconjunctival hemorrhage
Usually follow minor trauma, coughing, sneezing
Inc incidence with HTN, bleeding disorders
If you have a patient complaining of gradual loss of vision, difficulty driving at night; what is your ddx?
Cataracts
Ophthalmoscopic exam findings with cataracts
Red light reflex dec or absent
Difficult to see in the eye
Pathogenesis mechanisms for glaucoma
Mechanical (IOP related)
Vascular (HTN)
Glutamate toxicity
Signs/sx acute angle closure glaucoma
Red eye, N/V, diminished vision
Can come on after exposure to dark environment
Perilimbal injection, cloudy cornea, ant angle narrow, pupil fixed and dilated
Tactile tonometry firm
Wet v dry ARMD
Dry - gradual loss of vision in one/both eyes, difficulty reading or driving, using lights/magnification, slow onset with intact peripheral vision
Wet - new vessels form and break easily; occurs acutely, difficulty with seeing straight lines or central vision, usually one eye
What is a cholinergic medication?
Meds that ach through Ach, either by binding to its receptors or changing its concentration
What are muscarinic agonists also called?
Parasympathomimetic meds ; Muscarinic agonists will mimic parasympathetic nervous system stimulation.
What EENT conditions use muscarinic agonists?
Acute angle-closure glaucoma
Maintenance med in primary open-angle glaucoma
Dry mouth and dry eyes in sjogrens
for what EENT conditions are muscarinic antagonists used?
Topically for pupil dilation during ophthalmic procedures
Used as cycloplegics for uveitis, iritis, UV keratitis
what patient population should avoid muscarinic antagonists?
Elderly due to risk of confusion, sedation, dry mouth and eyes, constipation, and urinary retention
Patients with glaucoma and those at risk of acute angle-closure glaucoma
What are adrenergic medications?
Act by binding to adrenergic receptors or by changing the concentration of norepinephrine and epinephrine.
What are adrenergic agonists also called?
Sympathomimetics
For what EENT conditions are alpha 1 agonists used?
Nasal congestion and red eyes
For what EENT conditions are Alpha 2 agonists used?
Glaucoma
For what EENT conditions are Beta blockers used?
Glaucoma
What patient population should avoid alpha 1 agonists?
HTN/CVD
Angle closure glaucoma
Urinary retention
Bowel obstruction
What patient population should avoid Beta blockers?
Pts with asthma or obstructive airway disease
What are the effects of histamine in the allergic response?
Vasodilation and inc vascular permeability (edema, redness, inc mucosal secretions)
Stimulation of afferent neurons, leading to pruritis and pain
Contraction of bronchial smooth muscle, leading to bronchoconstriction
