Final Exam Flashcards

Question

After the Civil War prisons in the South introduced some new practices that did not conform to either the Pennsylvania or the Auburn models.

Answer 1

Prisons used as corrections control system basically reinvented slavery Because the economy collapsed after the end of slavery in the south, began prisoner leasing system that allowed private persons to lease a prisoners for labor Use of chain gangs to lessen chances of escape

Answer 2

Similar to Auburn but bigger. Reduction in prior programming. Admin segregation Sensitive needs yard for those w/ mental illness Mandatory parole supervision following release

Answer 3

Eliminated intermediate sentencing. Ability to get out early on good behavior Opinions that this sliding scale of time lacked adequate deterrence Invitation of bias and disparities between groups Led to determinate sentencing Risk-graded confinement Higher risk inmates kept in more secure areas and more heavily confined Security upgrades Supermax facilities Administrative segregation Sensitive needs yards Mandatory parole supervision upon release

Answer 4

replicable model of a prison that spreads across the country as states copy the original

Answer 5

Practice done to rent workers from prisons until their prison sentence is fulfilled.

Answer 6

set of ideas, practices, and technologies, has diffused from prisons to these other institutions and that the governing principle is that these institutions should be focused on preparing people to labor in the industrial economy.

Answer 7

should be a key focus of research on variation of punishment across countries. He proposes four different kinds of factors that might be useful in explaining harshness, but have not yet been fully explored. Those factors include population heterogeneity, religion, regime type, and traditions of violence.

Answer 8

three key qualities that were required for deterrence to work: certainty, celerity (speed), and proportionality. He also argued that punishments should be spelled out simply and clearly in law (legality) so that the public could be aware of what punishments were likely if they committed a crime. His theory was predicated the idea that humans are rational actors, weighing the risks against the rewards of engaging in crime and that punishment should align with those basic qualities of human action

Answer 9

If you commit crimes you will be caught

Answer 10

How quickly a case is resolved Proportionality: 8th amendment bars “Cruel and unusual punishment”/ constitutional application of “three strikes”

Answer 11

punishments should be spelled out simply and clearly in law (legality)

Answer 12

custodial (jail or prison) (studies show inmates do in terms of recidivism and only a few show that custodial placements reduce recidivism) versus non-custodial (community supervision)

Answer 13

Has the largest number of deaths from execution

Answer 14

Faster; shrinking

Answer 15

Father of parole/probation system. Founder of private policy systems

Answer 16

Correctional control

Answer 17

New techniques of surveillance and risk assessment that blossomed in 1990s. Deprioritizes rehab as a goal. Rehab is a pipe dream. Focus on recidivism as central measure of effective correctional policy/practices.

Answer 18

Citizens who are restricted in certain way and comply under supervision. Boundary between full citizenship and being incarcerated.

Answer 19

form of logic of governance and ideas of governance. Concern over welfare system. New belief that government should be as small as possible. Rise of importance of individual responsibility

Answer 20

Privatization of government services. Create efficent sytsem that can effectively monitor those who are high risk rather than everyone. Private wealth and investments financialization of crime management Accumulation of fees for those on parole and probation Fees offset cost of system

Answer 21

Type of gov’t that has a variety of depts. And programs focused on creating economic security and “well-being” for its citizens. Started after the civil war. Civil war pensions, workmen’s compensation, aid to families with dependent children (now called TANF), social security, unemployment insurance, medicare & medicaid, cash assistance, tax credits

Answer 22

1980s and onward; rethinking of welfare state. Retrenchment (reduction of costs or spending in response to economic difficulty or in this case changing ideas) associated w/ rise of neoliberal politics Transformation of income assistance programs to require work, set time limits, discourage “chislers and cheats”

Answer 23

Proper response of gov. is rehabilitation Progrmas should be individualized to address the root causes of antisocial behavior Governments punishment and welfare programs share a common theory and logic that relate it to the welfare system (rehabilitation for welfare) The practices governments use to address crime and marginality are rooted in culture (particularly ideas about race, political struggles, and economic structures)

Answer 24

Shift toward a crime control complex. Elements: Massive increase in incarceration, return to deterrence, incapacitation, and retribution as primary goals. Abandonment of rehabilitation as a goal for most types of offenders. Reliance risk and harm reduction. Expansion of surveillance technologies, privatization of crime control. Enhanced racialization of criminal legal policies.

Answer 25

Expansion of the use of incarceration is associated w/ declines in welfare support Reversal of the flow from welfarist ideas to correctional systems to a flow of correctional ideas into welfare & social service programs More spent on welfare the less spent on incarceration New funding for local corrections programs Expansion of mental health, homelessness, and behavioral health programs

Answer 26

Chino Reformatory: an Open Prison (1941) CA medical facility (1955) CA rehabilitation center: Civil Addict Program (1961)

Answer 27

Sociologist Robert Martinson published the most famous review of findings and concluded that “nothing works,” which was cited as evidence of the need for a new more punitive approach. Determined no programs had any lasting positive effect and that no individual can properly be rehabilitated in a prison environment Used to justify certain punitive reform policies within correction that grew abd expanded correction facilites and gave leeway to increased incarceration

Answer 28

Rate programs based on evaluations and research Research constantly changing and evolving Some rating/conclusion are research based or evidence based Evidence based is better

Answer 29

which employs a cognitive-behavioral approach to change how people convicted of crimes think and aims to provide them with social skills to navigate situations that might lead to criminal activity. Try to transform values and build behaviors that prevent violent confrontations tht miight have occured otherwise

Answer 30

Forsberg and Douglas argue that the goals of rehabilitation should be broadened to not just include recidivism reduction, but also harm-reduction, moral improvement, and restoration.

Answer 31

Management imperative to control disorder Social science evidence of what works in changing behavior Programs are too short of not intensive enough Rehabilitated individuals return to the same environments that gave rise to their criminal involvement Ambiguity about what counts as rehabilitation funding

Answer 32

are correctional tools and techniques that have been shown by researchers to reduce the likelihood of reoffending

Answer 33

the risk principle, the need principle, and the responsivity principle.

Answer 34

Correctional interventions should be targeted at the people who pose the highest risk to offend

Answer 35

anti-social behaviour Anti-socail personality Anti-social cognition Drug and alcohol abuse Criminal peers Family issues Education and employment issues Leisure and recreation deficits

Answer 36

Making the delivery of a treatment in a way that matches the learning style and abilities of the individual Tailoring treatment to the biological, social, and psychologocal characteristics of the individual

Answer 37

usually gauged via a risk and needs assessment (e.g., YLS-CMI 2.0). Risks and needs are things that research has shown are correlated with likelihood of reoffending. Responsivity means that the assistance provided to people under correctional control should be tailored to their learning styles, psychological, and cultural characteristics.

Answer 38

Juvenile risk assessment

Answer 39

Both types aim at predicting likelihood of future bad behavior and are used in decisions about pretrial release/detention, parole release, supervision intensity, parole or probation revocation, and housing/security levels within custody and on supervision.

Answer 40

Poor black males score higher on algorithmic risk assessments in part because criminal justice system has historically focused on them Have gretaer police contact, arrests, and convictions Assign poor black men to higher risk categories that make them less likely to be released pretiral, more likely to be incarcerated at higher security levels with fewer rehabilitative opportunities More likely to be placed on high levels of supervision tools can potentially aid greater transparency in criminal justice decision-making and therefore be useful for challenging inequalities created by the system.

Answer 41

way in which decisions are made during criminal proceedings

Answer 42

Different typology of pre-trial release decision-making

Answer 43

Figure out what their needs (not any, just criminogenic ones). Assesses any factors that predict recidivism Technique may afford greater transparency and facilitate “information activism

Answer 44

widespread visibility of drug use Drug-use apart of youth culture and associated with minorites Use of policy by Rep.; tried to cast groups as immoral

Answer 45

Fiscally responsible crime control policy) refers to a relatively new development in correctional/criminal justice politics—one in which emanates from conservatives. Many conservative and rebulican orgs Texas public policy foundation Prison fellowship The american conservative union foundation

Answer 46

Reform for the federal justice system (had very little opposition) Expansion of “Good Time” credits (allowed people to get through their period of incarceration quickly). Expansion of compassionate release. Sentencing changes to Controlled Substances Act to shorten sentences and reduce enhancements

Answer 47

Falling crime rates and declining public support for harsh policies Shift in party dynamics Emergence of terrorism as a target to generate public fear (later immigration) Spurred mobilization for republicans Fiscal crises of 2001 & 2008 (budgetary problem) Revival of Fiscal Conservatism (Tea Party)

Answer 48

High level v. low level in which the system focuses on managing high level criminals while reforming low level criminals Only want reform for those who commit low-level crimes

Answer 49

refers to the process of reducing the number of people in prisons and jails.

Answer 50

put together by intermediary organization and rally voters to put prop. On ballot Not exactly direct democracy but allow citizens to choose the rules tht govern them; one of the biggest differences between props and legislation

Answer 51

change in which their is a district representative that go into legislature and argue which policy changes they want Politicians can accept donations by any interest groups that support them

Answer 52

Almost unanimous vote which reformed the probation revocation system, Probation dept. reduced probation revocations to prison to alleviate costs of housing prisoners in exchange for money Increase use of evidence based practices in probation

Answer 53

A bit contested with Democrats favoring it and no republican support Wanted to reduce population to 137.5% of design capacity 337 Pages- Big bill Worked on this plan for 2-3 years Put county correctional systems under pressure becuz they would give everything to the state Released them to county probation which came with a partnering that if those individuals (have not committed anything serious or violent) once qualified they would be supervised not by the parole dept. Will not send them back to prison but instead would stay in a local jail

Answer 54

Defelonization of Low Level Crimes “The safe Neighborhoods and Schools Act” Six high frequencies, low level drug and property crimes reduced from “wobblers” to misdemeanors Resentencing for people convicted of these crimes ^ People serving time in prison already could get out if they fit the criteria Goal is to downsize prisons**

Answer 55

movement of academics and activists who seek to end the use of incarceration as a penalty for crime. The philosophy behind the movement is that prison are immoral dehumanizing institutions, wedded to the reproduction of capitalism and unjust social hierarchies built around race, class, gender, sexuality, and ethnicity.

Answer 56

result of structural inequalities in capitalist societies and oppose the individualistic assumptions about crime that sustain the current system

Answer 57

eliminate carceral institutions, the prison industrial complex, and the criminal punishment system as a whole, and to replace them with nonpunitive ways of addressing harm that empower, rather than disenfranchise, vulnerable populations and communities.” (Bell 2021) Rooted in philosophy and critical social science theory

Answer 58

Putting people as a person before a label

Answer 59

The overlapping interests of govt and industry that uses surveillance, policing, and imprisonment as solutions to economic social & political problems

Answer 60

Institutions of confinement like jails, detention centers, prisons. Comprises of a wide range of policies, practices, and institutions that scrutinize individuals and communities before and after their contact with the Criminal Justice System

Answer 61

For both parties when the policy falls in the middle it will be more likely to be passed

Final Exam Flashcards

(87 cards)