Final exam

Question 1

• Non-insight problems can be..,

Answer 1

can broken down into small parts to solve

Question 2

o Productive thinking

Answer 2

thinking based on the general principles that apply to the situation

Question 3

o what is Structurally blind thinking

Answer 3

reproduce thinking appropriate for other situations but the one at hand

e.g., that is using the same stick and poking the hole over ang over again trying to get that food

Question 4

How to get out of functional fixedness

Answer 4

think outside the box

determine all possible use of the objects

getting quality sleep is also essential - as it boosts the probability of reaching insight

Question 5

How do you boost the effeciency of AI?

Answer 5

use a non-systematic approach like humans. use heuristics. basic choices or rule of thumbs.

Question 6

How was BACON AI able to rediscover the laws of physics of planetary movements.

Answer 6

it used correlations and had the belief that correlations were meaningful.

note that it didn’t understand the laws.

Question 7

Chat GPT, Bixby, Siri, recommendations engines or language translation programs are examples of ANI (Weak AI or Narrow AI). TRUE OR FALSE

explain why

Answer 7

TRUE

Question 8

Issues for ANI

Answer 8

data availability (those AI needs high quality data),

algorithmic bias (shows bias when data is bias),

Explainability (it’s hard to understand how those AI make decisions especially on complex systems.)

Adaptability (they are designed to do specific tasks, but they may not be able to adapt in new environment / situations.).

Question 9

AGI is trying to reach what?

Answer 9

the ability of a machine (AI) to do intellectual task like humans.

have general understanding of the world and able to reason across context

have self-awareness and consciousness

Question 10

Issues related to AGI

Answer 10

 How to measure intelligence (define it??).
 How to make sure that AGI is aligned with human values (surviving)
 How to model and simulate human cognition, emotions and consciousness.
 How to let AGI systems to communicate with humans and other agents in a natural way.
 How to balance the trade-offs b/w generality and efficiency, exploration and exploitation, and learning and reasoning.

Question 11

How can AI be useful in the context of research?

Answer 11

teach us about the limitations and biases of human thinking like heuristics, fallacies, errors, and illusions

• AI can inspire new questions and hypotheses about the nature of intelligence itself like the role of evolution, culture, emotion, and consciousness.

Question 12

• Zeigarnik effect

Answer 12

you remember better unfinished tasks vs finished tasks cuz you cleared it out of your mind.

Question 13

How do you give a hint?

Answer 13

it must reponds to the difficulty that the person’s thinking is taking

if no insight is reached, that means the means the hint was irrelevant to the direction of their partipants’thoughts.

Question 14

Explain progress monitoring theory in a few words

Answer 14

Reaching an impasse - leads to consider alternatives strategies which leads to an increase likelihood of finding the solution.

Question 15

Explain representational change theory

Answer 15

Change the way you present the problem to ourself to be able to solve it.

Question 16

Explain constraint relaxation and chunk decomposition and in which theory they are associated with.

Answer 16

Constraint relaxation : remove assumptions that are blocking the problem

Chunk decomposition: separating the problem into chunks.

It’s part of representational change theory.

Question 17

Eye movements can predict insightful solutions, TRUE OR FALSE

Answer 17

true

Question 18

How is the hippocampus involved in insight?

Answer 18

It might serves a role of preservation of information that might be useful later.

Question 19

Einstellung effect is also known as ..

Answer 19

rigid set. - responding inflexibly to a specific type of problem

Question 20

When under pressure to perform quickly, you tend to

Answer 20

lock in rigid set and perform inflexibly.

Question 21

Principle of Parsimony

Answer 21

people use the simplest mental model possible – since it’s requiring less energy.

Question 22

In syllogism, people are more likely to read _____ first. I they disagree, the will try to find flaws in the premises.

Answer 22

Conclusion

Question 23

Motivated reasoning.

Answer 23

People evaluate information that is only consistent with our belief

Question 24

• Ecological rationality

Answer 24

people usually make good decisions with heuristics. Especially when we can exploit the rational structure of the environment. -

Question 25

Give an example of a strong but wrong routines

Answer 25

e.g, you always take the bus to go to school, but one day, you drive to go. There is a good chances that you might end up taking the bus and forget about your car.

Question 26

people who xperience Einstellung effect is behaving in a ____ way

Answer 26

mindless.

Question 27

What does Langer and Piper propose to prevent mindlesness

Answer 27

think in a tentative way rather than absolute.

also conditional understanding allows people to respond mindfully. (This could be a dog’s chew toy).

Question 28

Problem space is

Answer 28

the representation of the problem

that includes the goal but also, the various ways of changing the situation into a solution