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Politics in the Global South > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a legislature?

A

Assembly or body of representatives with the authority
to make laws

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2
Q

What are the two types of legislatures?

A

Bicameral and Unicameral

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3
Q

What are unicameral legislatures?

A
  • legislautres with one chamer
  • Common in countries with small populations (e.g
    sub-Saharan Africa)
  • Also common in authoritarian regimes dominated
    by a single political party that prefers to channel
    all political demands through one legislative body
    (e.g., China, despite its size)
  • Unicameral representation is most appropriate in
    unitary states or in countries that have a relatively
    homogeneous population
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4
Q

What are bi-cameral legislatures?

A

Legislature with two chambers
- Chambers may have equal or unequal powers
- Lower chamber typically represents the national
vote more proportionally or through smaller
geographic constituencies
- Upper chamber often represents larger
geographic constituencies (states, provinces, e.g.)

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5
Q

What are constituency systems?

A

an electoral system in which voters select representatives from specific geographic constituencies.
- examples: run-off system: top candidates after a first round of voting compete in one or more additional rounds until a candidate receives a majority.

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6
Q

What is simple plurality?

A

an electoral system where the winner receives the most votes (not necessarily a majority of votes)

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7
Q

What is proportional representation (PR)?

A

electoral systems in which seats are designed according to the parties’ popular vote: used in countries to institute proportions between votes allotted for all the parties.

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8
Q

What is a single transferable vote?

A

A voting system where voters cast their ballot in multi-member constituencies, expressing their first and second choice for candidates: second choices may be transferred and countries if all seats are not filled in the first round.

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9
Q

What are political parties?

A

Political organizations that seek to influence policy by getting candidates and members elected or appointed to public office.

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10
Q

What are interest groups?

A

Organizations that make demands in the political systems on half of their constituents and members.

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11
Q

What is interest articulation?

A

the process by which individuals and groups express their demands, needs, or wants in a political

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12
Q

What is interest aggregation?

A

the process by which individuals preferences are brought together to make collective decisions.

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13
Q

What are the types of parties?

A

Elite parties, mass parties, catch-all parties

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14
Q

What are elite parties?

A

Political parties in which membership and scope were largely restricted to a small number of political elites

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15
Q

What are mass parties?

A

Parties with large numbers of citizens as members and undertake massive political mobilization.

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16
Q

What are Catch- All Parties?

A

Political parties are flexible in their ideological positions and aim to attract support from a broad range of interest groups and voters.

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17
Q

What are the functions of parties?

A
  1. Legitimation of the political system
  2. Integration and mobilization of citizens
  3. Representation
  4. Structuring the popular vote
  5. Recruitment of leaders for public office facilitates non-violent choices between individuals.
  6. Formulation of public policy, facilitating choice between policy options.
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18
Q

What are Dominant- Party Systems?

A

Country contains one large political party that predominates politically

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19
Q

What are single-party systems?

A

One form of dominant-party system. (Authoritarian system in which parties besides the single dominant party are banned or disallowed)

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20
Q

What is pluralism?

A

A system of interest where groups compete openly to influence government decisions and public policy.

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21
Q

What is corporatism?

A

A system of interest groups presentation in which certain major groups are officially designated as representatives of certain interest groups.

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22
Q

What is contention?

A

The pursuit of collective goods largely outside of formal political institutions.
- occurs though collective action- joint efforts of individuals to achieve an outcome.

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23
Q

What is a revolution?

A

A form of collective action in which some large-scale structural change is either attempted or accomplished.

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24
Q

What is contention?

A

The pursuit of collective goods largely outside of formal political institutions.
- occurs through collective action- joint efforts of individuals to achieve an outcome.

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25
What are social revolutions?
- Transforms social and political structures, including the class structure. - Class structure: groups linked together by economic interest or activity
26
What are political revolutions?
- Revolutions that primarily alter political institutions rather than social and economic structures. - Ex. American Revolution
27
What are insurgencies?
- Organized, armed actors, contesting state power - Non- state actors in military conflict - Insurgents often claim to make revolutions.
28
What are civil wars?
- Sustained military conflict between domestic actors. - Typically, between insurgents and the state - Note: it is also possible for two non- state actors to engage in a civil war.
29
What is terrorism?
- Definitions of terrorism vary - Common defining: - violence aimed at non-military targets.
30
Why do revolutions happen?
1. Relative Deprivation and Social Disequilibrium 2. Resource Mobilization and Political 3. Rational Choice Theory 4. Culture or "Framing" Explanations.
31
What are Relative Deprivation and Social Disequilibrium?
- Social- psychological theory - Changing conditions upset equilibrium - Theory: Major changes cause social strain or conflict and increase demand for revolution - Relative depreivation
32
What are resource mobilization and political opportunities?
- Focuses on the ability to mobilize resources and/ or take advantage of political openings. - Theory: State breakdown creates a political opportunity for revolution. - Theory: Organizational resources matter
33
What is culture or "framing" explanations?
-Theory: The ability to frame revolution in a meaningful way shapers success. - Culture is key to how people frame issues - Cultural sources of revolutionary frames
34
What is identity?
The social label that locates an individual or group in society.
35
What is nationalism?
The view is that the world should be divided into nations that are sovereign and equal.
36
What are primordialist?
- Believe the nation is a natural phenomenon - National identity is continuous with pre- historical forms of identity.
37
What are modernists?
- See the nation as an "imagined" or invented a form of social organization, emerging with the elites of the industrial revolution. - Nations often created by elites to gain power and control masses.
38
What are Perennialists?
- Concur with modernists that nations are constructed, but that they predate Industrial Revolution.
39
What is civic nationalism?
- you are a member of the nation if you are a citizen of its state.
40
What is ethnic nationalism?
Membership in the nation is based on ancestry.
41
What causes ethno- national conflict?
1. Primordial Bonds 2. Cultural Boundaries 3. Material Interests 4. Rational Calculation 5. Social psychology
42
What are primordial bonds?
theory: groups that feel their identity is under threat are likely sources of conflict.
43
What are cultural boundaries?
Theory: Types of boundaries between groups contribute to the likelihood of conflict. - conflict may be likelier between certain groups
44
What are Material interests?
Theory: Ethno- national identity is used as an instrument for other purposes - gaining power - accessing resources.
45
What is instrumentalism?
Explains outcomes by showing how their development or persistence is in the interest of powerful individuals or groups.
46
What is rational calculation?
Theory: Rational choices of actors explain the presence or absence of conflict. - Similar to some instrumentalist approaches - Affiliation with minority groups has different costs and benefits in different circumstances.
47
What is race?
The idea is that human beings are divided into different groups, often thought of as biological categories, and usually based on skin colour.
48
What is ethnicity?
Quality that one has by identifying with or being ascribed membership in an ethnic group.
49
What is an ethnic group?
A group that identifies itself as having strong cultural commonality and a shared sense of long-run history.
50
What is economic empowerment?
- Credit/ loans to women, cooperatives, etc. - Government programs to support child care
51
What is intersectionality?
different forms of subordination often accompany each other - gender is one of many variables
52
What are the factors that influence the representation of women and minority groups?
1. Social Movement Mobilization 2. Political Parties Based on Gender or Ethnicity 3. Institutional design
53
What is social movement mobilization?
Theory: Social movements are often the force that brings about social change - Can transform public attitudes about a group - Civil rights movements - LGBT - Indigenous activism in Canda
54
What are institutional methods?
Theory: Legal and institutional design can promote representation for identity groups. - Candidate- quota systems: certain number of candidates by group
55
What is the functions of religion?
- Fosters social integration - Gives sense of order - Motivates collective action
56
What is the substantive definitions of religion?
- features transcend force or good - Beliefs and organization are focused on the transcendent.
57
What is the causes of modernization and religion in politics?
1. Modernization Theory and Secularization 2. Religious Economics Approach 3. Institutional Theories
58
Why does modernization change religion's role in politics?
1. As societies modernize, religious organizations tend to be increasingly differentiated from other organizations, especially the state. 2. As economic development increases, religious belief tend to decline somewhat- maybe not as much in more religiously diverse societies, through this is subject to much debate
59
What is the religious economy approach?
Posits that a generic level of religious demand is a constant and that what explains variation in religiosity is the nature of the religious market in any given society.
60
What is comparative politics?
Comparative politics is within nation- states (focus is on countries and their internal politics)
61
What is international relations (IR)?
International relations is between nation- states (focus is on external relations of individual countries)
62
What are characteristics of comparative politics?
- Opens the "black box of the state" - Staters are central to the many other developments that shaped the world we live in. - To understand political life comprehensively, we must compare - comparative politics examines political realities in countries all over the world.
63
What are the global issues facing states?
1. Globalization and Trade 2. INternational Institutions and integration 3. Immigration 4. Environment and Sustainability 5. Nuclear Threats and Terrorism
64
What is globalization?
The increasing interaction between peoples and societies across national borders.
65
What is international trade?
The economic exchange of goods, services, and capital across international borders. - Trade can benefit both countries in exchange
66
What is the principle of comparative advantage?
- countries have different relative advantages in the production of different goods and services - This leads to possible gains from trade even if one country has absolute advantage in making all goods more efficiently.
67
What is protectionism?
- The practice of a country protecting or giving favour to its own domestic producers. - This can be due to politics: domestic producers seek protection
68
What are international Institutions and Integration?
- International organizations that push for cooperation between countries and the prevention or mitigation of international conflict. - United Nation agencies (UN)
69
What is integration?
Process by which countries agree to collaborate economically or politically, to make some decisions collectively and to shape commons strategies.
70
What is immigration?
Immigration also has economic consequences - trade involves flows of goods and capital, immigration involves flows of labour.
71
What is brain drain?
- Departure or emigration of skilled and educated people
72
What is remittances?
Cash or resources sent to a home country, often to a family and friends, by emigrants
73
What is substainailtiy?
The notion that a resource is capable of being sustained for use or enjoyment by future generations.
74
What is climate change?
A set of changes in the earth's climate, particularly human-induced causes of such change.
75
What are emissions?
- Economic phenomenon in which the gains and costs from a given activity do not accrue to the same actor - Increased interest in alternative energy
76
What are transnational networks?
- networks of different actors working across borders - some of these violent networks - Other networks are citizens' advocacy groups
77
What is nuclear proliferation?
The expansion of the number of countries and other actors possessing nuclear technology.
78
What is terrorism?
- The use of violence to achieve political ends through psychological impacts on a civilian population. -
79
What are the main causes of international relations?
- Realism - Liberalism - Constructivism - Socialism
80
What is realism?
States in the international system act largely on basis of national self-interest. - Self Interest = power, survival, and security. - States act as if they were single individuals making decisions on the basis of rational calculations about the costs and benefits of actions.
81
What does realism lead to?
realism leads to the security dilemma - each actor in the international system expects others to maximize their own advantage - Each thus builds up over itself - This leads to an arms race
82
What is liberalism?
Theory: states can have different preferences and internal structures that lead them to behave in different ways - Cooperation can occur more than realism says —- Commercial liberalism: economic interactions between states leads to greater peace — - Liberal institutionalism: international institutions mitigate anarchy and lead to cooperation
83
What is democratic peace?
- Phenomenon that democratic countries will rarely go to war with one another - Democracies go to war with authoritarian regimes, but not other democracies. - Democracies treat one another "differently"
84
What is construcitivism?
Theory: decisions made by states need to be understood in the context of social and political interactions — - Behavior is shaped by norms and values as well as narrowly defined interests — - States are not only aggressive —- States may be competitive, cooperative, etc. —- Countries with basis for trust may cooperate
85
What is socialism?
Theory: social classes play a predominant role in shaping politics - Highlights the role of capitalist accumulation as a prime driver in international affairs - Imperialism, exploitation of poor countries by rich - Socialist theory has informed the study of development in comparative politics - Major alternative to realism and liberalism before the emergence of construction

Politics in the Global South (2 decks)

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