Final Exam Flashcards
(75 cards)
1
Q
religion
A
relatively structured set of beliefs and practices through which people seek mental and physical harmony with the powers of the universe
2
Q
proselytic
A
seek converts, christiantiy, islam, buddhism are the 3 largest
3
Q
ethnic religion
A
particular ethnic or tribal group, do not seek converts, Judaism, Hinduism
4
Q
monotheistic
A
believe in one god
5
Q
polytheistic
A
believe in multiple gods/deities
6
Q
syncretic
A
elements of 2 or more different belief systems (forms of buddhism, mayan mix of Christianity and indigenous faiths)
7
Q
orthodox
A
emphasize purity of faith
8
Q
indus-ganges religious hearth
A
hinduism, buddhism
9
Q
east asian religious hearth
A
china: cinfucianism and taoism, japan shinto
10
Q
semitic religious hearth
A
judaism, Christianity, islam, middle east
11
Q
primary sector
A
extracting natural resources from the earth, both renewable and nonrenewable
12
Q
secondary sector
A
processing stage (manufacturing)
13
Q
tertiary sector
A
services (transportation/communication, producer services, consumer services)
14
Q
quaternary sector
A
intellectual and informational activities
15
Q
renewable resources
A
those primary sector products that can be replenished naturally at a rate sufficient to balance their depletion by human use
16
Q
nonrenewable resources
A
primary sector products that is not replenished with the speed at which it is consumed
17
Q
manufacturing history
A
industrial revolution in england 1700s, technology diffused to continental europe, US rapid adoption of tech around 1850, 1900s japan first major nonwestern nation to undergo full industrialization
18
Q
NICs
A
newly industrializing, moved away from an agriculture-based economy and into a more industrialized, urban economy countries first emerged in the 1970s and 1980s included Taiwan, south korea, singapore, hong kong
19
Q
postindustrial phase
A
service sectors 3 and 4 achieve dominance, US, Canada, Japan, most of Europe
20
Q
relationship between transportation and development
A
industrial revolution both encouraged and was furthered by development of new forms of transportation, colonial legacies
21
Q
the world’s urban population exceeded rural population in…
A
2008
22
Q
highly urbanized as percentage of the country’s population that lives in urban areas
A
Europe, North America, Latin America, Caribbean
23
Q
Less urbanized
A
africa, asia
24
Q
% of total world population living in cities
A
asia: 53%, europe 14%, latin america/caribbean 13%
25
2 key elements that led to rise of the earliest cities
agricultural surplus, socioeconomic stratification
26
urban hearth areas
mesopotamia, nile river valley, indus river valley (pakistan), huang ho/yellow river (china), andean highlands/coastal areas of peru, mesoamerica (mexico/central america)
27
false urbanization
when urban growth is related to population being pushed from rural rather then people choosing to leave the city
28
megacities
cities with populations over 10 million
29
primate city
largest city in a nation (over 2x as large as 2nd biggest city), dominant power within a country. Buenos Aires, Mexico City, Manila, paris, london
30
global city
a control center of the global economy, coined by saskia sassen who developed idea in 1991, only3 cities identified New York, London, Tokyo
31
urban risk divide
disparity in vulnerability to disaster
32
relationship between cities and natural disasters
as world's population becomes increasingly concentrated in large cities, disasters and disaster risk become an urban phenomenon
33
gentrification
displacement of lower-income residents and activities, frequently associated with a restoration of buildings in deteriorated ares of the city
34
defensive architecture
when things are designed specifically to keep undesirable populations aka homeless from loitering or sitting comfortably or inhabiting the space
35
gated communities
highly secure residential areas normally surrounded by a fence/gate, often form in cities where wealthy try to shut out have-nots
36
how many slums are there today?
in 2001 there were 921 million slum-dwellers, 2 billion by 2030-2040, estimation today is 1.2 billion
37
2 sources of urban growth
migration of people from rural areas to cities, higher natural birth rates of recent migrants
38
development
process of both economic and social transformation and provided a way of categorizing different regions of the world
39
Rostow's historical stage theory
stages of economic growth (like a ski slope), first stage is traditional and each following stage has more technology and industrialization. Final stage is age of mass consumption. some countries are more developed bc they are further along the path.
40
age of mass consumption
final stage of rostow's theory, industrialization has such momentum that goods and services are widely available, people have enough wealth that they don't have to worry about basic needs
41
criticisms of historical stage theory
assumes countries develop. in isolation from one another, develop without obsticles from other countries, end goal of consuming lots of goods might not be the best goal (political freedom, decent working conditions might be better)
42
dependence theory of development
there are countries on there periphery vs those on the core, primary sources flow from poor periphery to rich core countries, core countries exploit periphery countries to get cheap goods/labor, core countries keep periphery countries underdeveloped to feed their own economies
43
World systems theory of development
adds another stage called semi-periphery, countries can move in and out of the three stages based on large scale shifts of economic and political power,
44
neoliberalism
emphasizes value of free market, privatization of the public sphere, deregulation of corporate sector (protects companies not workers) cut in government spending, reduction of tarrifs/promotion of free trade, labor flexibilization
45
where/when neoliberalism
1970s/1980s 1st in chile (under pinochet regime), economics trained by Friedman at U Chicago
46
structural adjustment policies
loans that the IMF gave to countries that experienced economic crisis in 70s and 80s, used to restructure these countries economies that pushed for neoliberalism
47
EPZ & maquiladora
areas within developing countries that don't have any barriers to trade to attract foreign investment/exportation, maquiladora are factories in mexico by a foreign company that export those goods back to that country
48
deforestation
have always been cutting down wood, industrialization dramatically increased this practice, leading to dramatic loss of forests, eroding these ecosystems, consequences: desertification, soil erosion, fewer crops, floods, increased greenhouse gas in atmosphere
49
overfishing
85% of worlds fish stocks are compromised by overfishing
50
climate change/enhanced greenhouse effect
increased COs levels as a result of burning fossil fuels and deforestation, allows for short wave radiation to reach earths surface and blocks outgoing long wave radiation heating the earth
51
10 warmest years on earth have occurred since
1998
52
judaism
4000 years old, southwestern asia, monotheistic, ethnic, 15 million today, mainly in north america and israel, europe and LA mostly the rest
53
christianity
proselytic faith, 2.3 billion people practice, monotheistic, 2000 years ago, derived from judiasm, roman catholics, protestants, eastern, found almost everywhere, fastest growing in africa and asia
54
islam
1.8 billion follwers, largely in desert belt of asia and northern africa, also far east in indonesia and Philippines, monotheists 610 CE in Mecca. Two groups Shi'ite in Iran/Iraq and Sunni (orthodox) larger majority worldwide. southwest asia and northern africa, largest pop found in indonesia, fastest growing in the world
55
hinduism
closely tied to india, 1.1 billion, polytheistic. locate the harmonious and eternal truth (dharma), only majority in nepal, india, and mauritius 97% of world pop live in these three countries
56
jainism
7 million, 25 centries old, reject hindu scriptures, rituals and priesthood they share belif in ahimsa and reincarnation. follow self-denial and austerity.
57
sikhism
arose in 1500s, attempt to unify hinduism and islam. centered in punjab state of northwestern india, 24 million followers, monotheistic.
58
Buddhism
hinduism is parent religion, began 25 centries ago as a reform movement, four noble truths, most widespread in south and east asia, in process of spreading fused with many other religions making it difficult to estimate (especially in china), 500 million,
59
taoic religions
confucianism (formalism in china) , shinto (japan) , taoism (romanticism in china) , look at Tao force that balances and orders universe, half a billion, also hard to estimate
60
animism
ideas that souls or spirits exist not only in humans but also in nature/animals, do not really form organized groups, most traditions are oral, 240 million, parts of SA, central/southern Africa, northern china, parts of australia and southeast asia
61
environmental issues of urbanization
urban heat islands, temperatures are higher, pollution is higher, higher levels of precipitation in cities, larger consumer of water, higher risk of flooding, urban footprint higher levels of consumption
62
cities as form of sustainable growth
2/3 of NA cities are urban vegetation which: increases quality/quantity of groundwater, lessens temp extremes, absorbs airbornne particles, lessens noise pollution. half of world pop lives in 3% of world land mass, concentration of people frees up other land
63
Davis: root cause of urbanization and slum expansion
neoliberalism, IMF loans that restructured economies that broadened the wealth gap
64
how many slaves in the world today
40 million, increasing, generates 150 billion
65
simson argument
critiques gap year volunteer projects in "third world" areas, perpetuates simplistic idea of development, (makes high school labor appear as plausible development solution) stereotypes groups and cultures in third world countries and commodifies them, others groups, solutions don't actually do anything, not social justice orientated (us vs them), false truths about poverty (lucky, poor but happy, caused by culture) imperialistic
66
pilgrimage
a journey to a sacred space, enact connections to these places of their faith, sometimes origins of religion, sometimes with a sacred physical feature, example Mecca and ganges river (most pop)
67
Nilson article
santiago de compstela spain, pilgrimages are more for personal spirituality rather than a connection to an organized religion, post-secularization means spirtual self fullfilment rather than traditional religious cannon
68
religion and the internet
provides increased access and attract adherence to faith solidtary worship erodes place based communities that are the heart of religion
69
nature-culture and religion
diffusion of certain crops and animals (diffusion of grape for communion wine to other religion districts), food taboos (kosher, hallal, avoidance of alcohol), correlated existence/non-existence of certain crops or animals in area
70
sacred space
natural and/or human-made sites that posses special (religious) meaning, doesn't have to be religious? churches, cemeteries, pilgrimage sites, can be sources of conflict
71
religious structures
traditionally church is focual point of town/village, big churches meant to remind people of the power of god however smaller protestant churches are just places to worhsip, hinduism are visually striking but worship is practiced in individual household, islamic cities have masques of domes/spires which symbolize power of faith in community
72
hagia sophia
in istabul turkey, first greek orthodox basilica, then a roman Catholic cathedral, imperial masque, then secularized and turned into a museum, then back into a masque,
73
religious toponyms
saint names are in areas that show Catholicism and greek othordox influence and areas with immigrant communities (quebec, california etc.)
74
landscapes of the dead
some religions don't have cemeteries (hinduism cremation), muslim cemeteries are more modest, varies a lot within christianity
75
parsi death towers
don't burry dead, instead left to be eaten by vultures, structures called towers of silence are where bodies are left
