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Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

What form of Chlamydia is infectious?

A

Elementary form

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2
Q

What form of Chlamydia is transmissible?

A

Reticulate form

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3
Q

What can neonatal herpes cause?

A

birth defects, neurological issues, death

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4
Q

Do all HPVs cause genital herpes?

A

epithelial cells, cutaneous/skin, mucosal/genital

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5
Q

Process of HPV vaccine

A

Yeast cells, different L1 proteins from different strains, self assemble into empty capsule with no genetic material, L1s produce immune response to create antigens

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6
Q

What are some of the barriers to achievinghigh levels of HPV vaccination?

A

lack of knowledge, not needed/necessary, safety concerns, not recommended, sexual stigma

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7
Q

Three stages of symptoms associated with Whooping cough?

A

catarrhal, paroxysmal, convalescent

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8
Q

Mumps Symptoms

A

Flu-like, swelling/pain of parotid salivary glands, meningitis, encephalitis, loss of hearing, orchitis

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9
Q

Measles Symptoms

A

fever, cough, coryza, conjuntivitis, koplik spots, rash

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10
Q

short term measles complications

A

GI, encephalitis, meningitis

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11
Q

long term measles complications

A

SSPE, immunosupression, destroys immune system memory

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12
Q

Why have mumps cases been increasing?

A

Waning immunity due to vaccine schedule not being perfect

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13
Q

Why have measles cases been increasing?

A

Decreased vaccination due to pandemic and vaccine hestitancy

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14
Q

Why is there interest in developing a universal flu vaccine?

A

would protect against all influenza viruses, it would have longer immunity, and it would provide protection against an emerging influenza virus that we are not prepared for

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15
Q

Why is whooping cough re-emerging?

A

increased awareness so just more testing and better diagnosis, switched to a acellular vaccine which has shorter immunity and increased mutant antigens

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16
Q

What factors are important in preparation for a possible biological weapons attack?

A

detection, diagnosis, differentiation, defense, dispersal

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17
Q

Describe the three types of disease caused by infection with Bacillus anthracis

A

cutaneous, GI, inhalation

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18
Q

What details regarding the spores were investigators quickly able to determine?

A

Ames strain, highly purified spore preperations, not weaponized, envelopes/mailbox locations

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19
Q

What are some of the factors that are believed to contribute to the actual or perceived reemergence and emergence at the present time?

A

misinformation, traveling, antibiotic resistance

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20
Q

Main steps in water treatment.

A

Screening, flocculation and sedimentation, fine filtration, disinfection, storage and distribution

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21
Q

Symptoms for V. cholerae

A

severe diarrhea, severe dehydration

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22
Q

Mechnism of V. cholerae

A

bacteria colonize small intestine, toxins produced increases level of CAMP, disruption of ion transporters in intestine

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23
Q

What environmental factors influence someone’s risk of cholera?

Study These Flashcards
A

proximity to water, household density, water security

24
Q

What individual factors influence someone’s risk of cholera?

Study These Flashcards
A

age, blood group, genetics

25
Concerns for V. cholerae vax
doesn't last long, prevention measure, long time to vaccinate, US has low supply chain
26
Types of botulism?
foodborne, wound, infant, adult intestinal toxemia, iatrongenic
27
Serotypes
a group of strains based on cell surface antigens
28
Two ways to culture human norovirus
B cells and stem cell derived enteroids
29
Why is norovirus potentially considered to be the "perfect" human pathogen?
Extremely contagious, genetically diverse, not super dangerous, transmission very viable, persists environmentally
30
Characteristics of prions that separate them from other infectious agents?
self replicating, resistent to many stressed, and cause TSE
31
In what ways can infection with prions occur?
spontaneous generation of PrPc, conversion of mutant PrPc to PrPsc, inoculation of PrPsc
32
How are prion diseases diagnosed?
examine brain, proteins in cerebrospinal fluid, identify mutations in PRNP gene
33
Define the types of CJD
sporadic, familial, iatrogenic
34
General characteristics of most emerging disease?
75% are zoonotic origins/vectors, mosr are viruses/RNA genome
35
Three main types of plague?
Bubonic, septemic, pneumonic
36
Why is the vax for lyme disease no longer offered in the US?
costs more than antibiotics, not super effective, not enough risk, needed a booster every 1-2 years, rumors that vaccine caused arthritis
37
What causes long term symptoms following a B. burgdorferi infection?
Persistent antigens causing the body to keep reacting, initial inection trigger underying illness
38
How is human to human west nile disease transmission possible?
blood transfusion, organ transplants, pregnancy
39
Different categories of west nile virus?
most people asymptomatic, about 20% get west nile fever, less than 1% neuroinvasive disease
40
Desrcibe symptoms for west nile fever
aches, joint pain, fever, GI
41
Describe neuroinvasive west nile disease
meningitis, encephalitis, poliomyelitis
42
What treatments are available for Ebola?
supportive care, antibody drugs but not sure about success rate
43
What prevention mechanisms exist for Ebola?
Improving health care and sanitation efforts, improve education and awareness, also vaccine available
44
Human behavioral factors that contribute to the spread of malaria
traveling, war, socioeconomic status, agricultural work, pregnancy
45
Human acquired immunity factors that contribute to the spread of malaria
maternal antibodies, repeated exposure, genetic factors
46
Mosquito factors that contribute to the spread of malaria.
Different species in different areas, behavioral differences, insecticide resistance
47
Plasmodium factors that contribute to the spread of malaria.
species differences, resistance to antimalarial drugs
48
Environmental factors that contribute to the spread of malaria.
warm temperatures, human behavior, rainfall
49
What are some resistance mechanisms that microbes can use to evade antibiotic action?
prevent entrance, destroy antibiotic, efflux pumps, modify target, alternative pathways
50
Potential benefits of phage therapy.
does not damage GI tract
51
Potential concerns of phage therapy
accurate identification of microbe needed, some people mount immune response, Gram negative bacteria lyse releasing LPS so need to purify phage prep
52
Types of HAI infections?
surgical site, UTI, pneumonia
53
Heteroresistance
When something may display a different phenotype in certain environments so it may have different presentations in vitro and in vivo. Problem with MRSA is when testing susceptibility in vitro it may seem like it is susceptible but in vivo it could actually be antibiotic resistant
54
How is HIV infection diagnosed
antibody test, viral proteins, viral genes
55
What porteins of HIV do antiviral drugs target?
reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, viral integrase inhibitors, coreceptor binding inhibitors, viral fusion inhibitors
56
Three treatment options for HIV
TasP-treatment as prevention, PrEP- pre-exposure prophylaxis, PEP- post exposure prophylaxis
57
Problems facing HIV vaccine development
high mutation rates, lack of understanding about immune response

Public Health Final (1 decks)

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