Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Focuses on a specific type of merchandise (carries one category of merchandise or a few closely related categories, one manufacturer or brand)

A

Specialty stores

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2
Q

high-end specialty store

A

boutique

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3
Q

what is an issue in specialty store retailing?

A

mall-based apparel retailers

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4
Q

why is mall-based apparel retail declining?

A

decline in mall shopping, lack of new fashions, increased price consciousness

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5
Q

organizations own and operate several store units that sell very similar merchandise in a standardized format

A

chain stores

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6
Q

chain stores have _________ and no _________

A

centralized buying, flagship stores

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7
Q

chain stores all have standardized ___________

A

store decor

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8
Q

defined as having eleven or more units

A

large chain stores

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9
Q

defined as having two to ten units within a local or reginal are

A

small chain stores

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10
Q

who do chain stores tend to cater to?

A

more localized, target markets

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11
Q

sells brand name merchandise at below traditional retail prices and includes apparel merchandise at budget and wholesale price points

A

discount retailers

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12
Q

what helps keep discounters’ prices low?

A

quantity discounts and high turnover rates, self-service, lower overhead costs

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13
Q

Wal-Mart and Target are examples of…

A

National Chain Discounters

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14
Q

Apparel accounts for approximately ____ % of sales for discount retailers

A

45

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15
Q

specialize in selling national brands, designer apparel, or promotional goods at discount prices

A

off-price retailers

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16
Q

these stores buy irregulars, seconds, overruns, or leftovers from manufacturers or other retailers

A

Independent off-price retailers

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17
Q

what are examples of independent off-price retailers?

A

TJMaxx, Ross, Burlington Coat Factory, Marshalls

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18
Q

manufacturer’s outlets sell their own seconds, overruns, and sometimes make merchandise

A

factory outlet stores

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19
Q

when retailers choose to open their own off-price stores

A

Retailer-owned off-price retailers

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20
Q

what are examples of retailer-owned off-price retailers

A

nordstrom rack, saks off-fifth

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21
Q

retailers who specialize in buying merchandise through bankruptcies and closeouts

A

closeout stores

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22
Q

what are examples of closeout stores?

A

big lots, tuesday morning

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23
Q

stores that combine a department store with a supermarket with a wide variety of goods

A

super store/hypermarkets

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24
Q

super stores can’t sell more than ____% groceries

A

35

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25
Q

________ is a limited part of super stores’ sales

A

apparel

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26
Q

contractual retailers have a _________ agreement

A

franchise

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27
Q

What is a franchise agreement?

A

when the parent company provides the franchisee with exclusive distribution of a well-recognized brand name in a specific market area and assistance with organizations, visual-merchandising, and training

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28
Q

when retailers lease space within a larger retail store to operate a specialty department

A

leased departments

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29
Q

these retailers reduce operating expenses and offer goods at discounted prices

A

warehouse retailers

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30
Q

these retailers distribute products to consumers through means other than traditional brick-and-mortar storefront

A

non-store retailers

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31
Q

what are examples of former catalog only stores?

A

Land’s End, JCrew

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32
Q

____% of women shop online and ____% of men shop online

A

72, 68

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33
Q

What are the most popular online shopping platforms?

A

Amazon, Walmart, and Alibaba (China)

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34
Q

What is Alibaba’s Black Friday?

A

“Singles Day” (3x more product sold than Black Friday)

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35
Q

What are some e-commerce concerns?

A

converting shoppers into paying customers, competition & competitor analysis, price & shipping, abandoned cart, product return & refund policies, choosing best technology for you & your customers

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36
Q

the number one reason for abandoned cart is _____________

A

unexpected extra costs

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37
Q

extra costs are responsible for ____% of all cart abandonment

A

48

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38
Q

what is the average cart abandonment rate?

A

69.99%

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39
Q

____% of people will purchase online if offered extra discount at checkout

A

54

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40
Q

over 60% of online shoppers say that a retailer’s ___________ has a major impact on their purchasing decision

A

return policy

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41
Q

what matters about how technology is designed for the customer?

A

how it looks online and how easy returns are

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42
Q

what is the number one issue facing television shopping?

A

shrinking audience

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43
Q

What are the top 5 global fashion companies?

A

Inditex, Nike, LVMH, TJX, Hennes & Mauritz

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44
Q

What was the biggest category of growth for online shopping during covid?

A

food

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45
Q

what apparel sector had a growth during covid?

A

athleisure sales

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46
Q

fashion is not only what we wear, it includes…

A

what we drive, what building we work in, what we eat, and where we live

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47
Q

the style or styles most popular at a given time

A

fashion

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48
Q

what are the three main components of fashion?

A

style, acceptance, timeliness/change

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49
Q

any particular characteristic or look in apparel or accessories

A

style

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50
Q

implies that consumers must buy and wear a style to make it a fashion

A

acceptance

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51
Q

occurrence of a style at the right time

A

timeliness

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52
Q

what is the main reason why people in developed countries buy new clothes?

A

they get bored with what they have

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53
Q

fashion is a product of _______: if people like it, it will grow

A

_________ is the key to success

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54
Q

the way in which fashion changes is usually referred to as _____________

A

fashion cycles

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55
Q

fashion is ________

A

cyclical

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56
Q

a _______ is the direction in which a style is moving

A

trend

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57
Q

fashion is usually depicted as a _____________

A

bell-shaped curve

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58
Q

in this stage, fashion implies style and newness, it is not accepted by everyone, it is produced in small quantities at high prices

A

Introduction of a Style

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59
Q

in this stage, people have already turned to new looks

A

Rejection of a Style or Obsolescence

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60
Q

in this stage, fashion is at its height of popularity, being copied at all price points and modified

A

Peak of Popularity

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61
Q

in this stage, the new style is purchased, worn, and seen by many people, popularity can increase copying and adaptations of new styles and ranges of customers

A

Increase in Popularity

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62
Q

in this stage, people begin to tire of the style and start looking for something new

A

Decline in Popularity

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63
Q

when consumers will still wear the style, but will not pay full price for it

A

Oversaturation

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64
Q

products that copy and imitate the physical appearance of other products, but do not copy the brand name or logo

A

knockoffs

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65
Q

goods often of inferior quality that are made or sold under another brand’s name without the brand owner’s authorization

A

counterfeit

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66
Q

sometimes called “third shift” or “fell off the back of the truck”

A

gray goods

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67
Q

gray goods are the _____________ but not sold by ___________

A

real thing, real company

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68
Q

styles that never become completely obsolete, but remain more or less accepted for an extended time period

A

classics

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69
Q

a classic is characterized by ___________ which helps keep it from being dated

A

simplicity of style

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70
Q

short-lived fashions that come and go in a single season

A

fads

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71
Q

fads generally affect a ________ consumer group and flood the markets in a ________ amount of time

A

narrow, short

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72
Q

a fashion cycle rejected by all consumer segments almost immediately

A

flop

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73
Q

people who look for fashion and wear it before it generally becomes accepted, do not need the approval of others

A

fashion innovators

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74
Q

fashion forward people or “avante garde”

A

fashion leaders

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75
Q

consumer group that makes up majority of people

A

fashion followers

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76
Q

people who have no interest in fashion, clothing only serves a functional purpose

A

fashion laggard

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77
Q

in this fashion theory, fashion trickles down from the elite or upper classes to the lower strata of society

A

Traditional Fashion Adoption

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78
Q

What is another name for the Traditional Fashion Adoption Theory?

A

the Trickle-Down Theory

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79
Q

in this fashion theory, designers and manufacturers pay attention to consumer innovation

A

Reverse Adoption

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80
Q

What is another name for the Reverse Adoption Theory?

A

the Trickle-Up Theory

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81
Q

Where is the inspiration often coming from in the trickle-up theory?

A

the young and inexpensive

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82
Q

in this fashion theory, manufacturers copy new styles almost immediately after they are seen or worn

A

Mass Dissemination

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83
Q

What are other names for the Mass Dissemination Theory?

A

Trickle-Across Theory, Horizontal Flow Theory, Mass-Market Theory

84
Q

1st principle of fashion: Consumers establish fashions by _________ or _________ the styles offered.

A

accepting, rejecting

85
Q

True or False: new fashions must be introduced by designers

A

False (this is an exception, not a rule)

86
Q

a patron or potential purchaser of goods or services

A

customer

87
Q

who is the ultimate user of garments and the ultimate decider that makes and breaks fashion?

A

the end consumer

88
Q

2nd principle of fashion: fashions are not based on _______.

A

price

89
Q

True or False: fashion must be introduced at high price points

A

False (this is less common today)

90
Q

3rd principle of fashion: fashions are _________ in nation, they are rarely _________.

A

evolutionary, revolutionary

91
Q

fashion changes happen as a result of _______ movements from season to season

A

gradual

92
Q

What were the two real revolutionary changes in fashion?

A

following the French Revolution, the Dior New Look in 1947

93
Q

What was the Dior New Look in 1947?

A

square shoulders, ultra feminine, small waist

94
Q

most consumers buy things that will complement their ______________

A

current wardrobes

95
Q

4th principle of fashion: no amount of _____________ can change the direction in which fashions are moving

A

sales promotion

96
Q

True or False: promotions do not have the power to dictate what people buy or what fashions people accept

A

true

97
Q

True or False: promotions can keep a fashion in style if its sales are declining

A

false

98
Q

5th principle of fashion: all fashions end in _______.

A

excess

99
Q

once the extreme of a fashion is reached, it is…

A

nearing its end

100
Q

what are some examples of fashions reaching their extremes?

A

skirts supported by panniers that could be eight feet in length, extreme hoop skirts, shoulder pads, the mini skirts of the 1960s becoming super short

101
Q

What is the order of the price lines of clothing?

A

Haute couture, designer, bridge wear, better, moderate, budget

102
Q

this price line of clothing is the middle line of goods

A

Moderate

103
Q

who is moderately priced clothing targeted to?

A

the “average” consumer

104
Q

What are examples of moderate sellers?

A

Levi’s, Zara, Belk

105
Q

this price line of clothing can be synonymous with couture but usually RTW, not custom-made

A

Designer

106
Q

this price line of clothing is the highest of mass merchandise price lines

A

Better

107
Q

Better lines often feature _________ labels, or relatively __________ designer names

A

well-known, low-price

108
Q

this price line of clothing is the lowest of mass merchandise price lines

A

Budget

109
Q

this price line of clothing bridges the gap between Better and Designer merchandise

A

Bridge Wear

110
Q

Examples of Bridge Wear are…

A

Neiman Marcus and Nordstrom

111
Q

why do a lot of designer have separate Bridge Wear lines?

A

to make money since couture does not make much money

112
Q

this price line of clothing refers to the highest quality clothing made

A

Haute Couture

113
Q

Haute Couture is often “_____________”- specifically for an individual

A

made to measure

114
Q

Haute Couture is the most ______________ and most _____________

A

fashionable, exclusive

115
Q

approximately _________ people worldwide can afford to shop Haute Couture

A

4,000 (outfits easily start at $10,000)

116
Q

this is equivalent to Haute Couture except for men’s tailoring

A

Bespoke

117
Q

the more you produce, the cheaper you are able to sell the item is called…

A

Economies of Sale

118
Q

when a celebrity borrows a piece of clothing to wear and then returns it to the company, most of the time returned damaged and dirty

A

Merching

119
Q

these types of stores seek leadership by carrying high-priced fashionable merchandise

A

fashion-forward stores

120
Q

these types of retailers identify with consumers who want fashion available to them at moderate and upper-moderate prices (many department stores and specialty stores)

A

Mainstream Retailers

121
Q

these merchants appeal to people who cannot or will not spend more money on clothing

A

Mass Merchants

122
Q

Dillard’s and Banana Republic are…

A

Mainstream Retailers

123
Q

Neiman Marcus, Saks Fifth Avenue, and Bloomingdales are…

A

Fashion-Forward Stores

124
Q

Wal-Mart and Target are…

A

Mass Merchants

125
Q

organization that organize the calendar for showing, organize accreditations for the press, and buyers attend the shows

A

Chambre Syndicale De La Haute Couture

126
Q

a not-for-profit organization of 250+ of America’s top fashion and accessory designers

A

Council of Fashion Designers of America

127
Q

What might the Council of Fashion Designers of American raise money for?

A

the MET

128
Q

what functions do the Council of Fashion Designers of America serve?

A

have a code of ethical practices (anti-child labor, sustainability) and promote the appreciation of fashion as an art form

129
Q

the world’s largest retail trade association

A

National Retail Federation (NRF)

130
Q

what is the membership of the NRF comprised of?

A

all retail formats and channels of distribution

131
Q

the national trade association representing apparel, footwear, and other sewn products

A

American Apparel and Footwear Association (AAFA)

132
Q

AAFA has a _____ membership and advances the industries _______, __________ and _______

A

paid, legislative, international trade, issue

133
Q

these magazines are targeted to the general public and have a wide audience and a wide viewpoint

A

consumer magazines

134
Q

these magazines offer news and information including new product listings, feature articles, and Q&A interviews

A

trade magazines

135
Q

this magazine is considered THE publication in the fashion industry

A

Women’s Wear Daily (WWD)

136
Q

Who publishes WWD?

A

Fairchild Media

137
Q

WWD is often called “_______________”

A

the Bible of the industry

138
Q

a global resource for news and information tailored for textile and soft goods executives working on the supply chain side of the business

A

Sourcing Journal

139
Q

what does Sourcing Journal use to update on news changing in the industry, commentary, and opinions from industry experts?

A

daily emails

140
Q

this is the magazine produced by Sourcing Journal, the global media authority serving the international denim industry

A

Rivet

141
Q

this is the leading publication in the international footwear industry

A

Footwear News

142
Q

what often drives footwear?

A

street fashion

143
Q

a daily release on what is happening in the retail industry

A

Smart Brief

144
Q

who is SmartBrief put out by?

A

the NRF (National Retail Foundation)

145
Q

what is the daily email newsletter by Smart Brief for online and multichannel retailers?

A

shop.org

146
Q

What do the newsletters cover?

A

14 industries (retail, aviation & aerospace, business, education, energy & chemicals, finance, food & beverage, infrastructure, life sciences & technology, marketing & advertising, tech, telecom)

147
Q

the leading publication in the accessories industry

A

Accessories Council

148
Q

when was Accessories Council “reborn?”

A

2021

149
Q

what, and when does Accessories Council publish?

A

digital trend reports, doesn’t come out every month

150
Q

free emails that provide practical business advice, online learning, and career-building tactics

A

The Business of Fashion

151
Q

produces bi-weekly print and digital publications and some special supplements

A

California Apparel News (CAN)

152
Q

who are the subscribers of California Apparel News?

A

department, chain, and specialty store buys; manufacturers of apparel, textiles, and accessories; and suppliers throughout the textile and apparel industry

153
Q

the nation’s leading provider of retail news and analysis for retail headquarter executives across all sectors of the industry

A

Chain Store Age (CSA)

154
Q

what does CSA report on and analyze?

A

trends and strategies in all areas of store operations and store development

155
Q

what is the conference related to CSA?

A

SPECS

156
Q

the major media commentary, custom publishing opportunities, and international seminar since 1917

A

Earnshaw’s

157
Q

Earnshaw’s is the leader in this sector of the fashion industry

A

Childrenswear

158
Q

an online fashion and color forecasting, trend reporting, and news e-zine

A

Fashion Trendsetter.com

159
Q

an online fashion and color forecasting, trend reporting, and news e-zine

A

Fashion Trendsetter.com

160
Q

offers daily news and analysis, latest developments, import and export states, sourcing and retail strategies (will customize and retail strategy for you)

A

Just Style

161
Q

considered a primary business publication for intimate apparel, beachwear, hosiery, bodywear, and textiles

A

Underlines

162
Q

Underline leads in what?

A

intimate apparel

163
Q

the leading magazine for hosiery and knitting technology

A

Knitting Trade Journal

164
Q

magazine highlighting the business of bridal

A

Vows

165
Q

leading authority on fashion retailing in the UK since 1887

A

Drapers

166
Q

this type of retail customer still appreciates the brick-and-mortar shopping experience but will make their purchase online if it is less expensive

A

The Researcher or Showroomer

167
Q

this type of retail customer is usually more focused on saving money in general, more likely to impulse buy because it is a good deal

A

The Deal Seeker or Bargain Hunter

168
Q

this type of retail customer just enjoys shopping for the sake of shopping, don’t have a particular product in mind

A

The Window-Shopping Wanderer

169
Q

this type of retail customer has already decided what they want in the store and has likely read every review written and posted about the product

A

The Decisive, Take-Charge Type

170
Q

this type of retail customer is friendly and interested in your store, they may talk too much

A

The Sociable Chatter

171
Q

this type of retail customer is on a mission to be in and out of the store in as short a time as possible, prefer stores where they know the layout

A

The In & Out Sure Buyer

172
Q

this type of retail customer is looking for reasons to be upset or to complain

A

The Angry, Demanding Pessimist

173
Q

this type of retail customer is loyal to the store, need to offer some type of loyalty program to reward them and make them feel appreciated

A

The Regular

174
Q

why has consumer buying increased?

A

discretionary income is often larger

175
Q

what are the four motives for consumer buying?

A

be fashionable, be attractive, impress others, be accepted by friends

176
Q

buying clothes to project a successful image or establish identity

A

to impress other

177
Q

we may want to show our ______ or ___________ through clothing

A

taste, income status

178
Q

buying new clothing to feel we are in style

A

be fashionable

179
Q

discarding clothing because it is not _________, not because it is ____________

A

in style, worn out

180
Q

buying clothing because we want to fit in, especially at certain ages or certain points in our lives

A

be accepted by friends, peer group, or colleagues

181
Q

buying clothes because they are flattering and make us look our best, minimize attributes we do not like

A

be attractive

182
Q

What are the two criteria consumers use in fashion selection?

A

aesthetic consideration and practical consideration

183
Q

what are the four components of aesthetic consideration?

A

appearance, color, texture, and style

184
Q

line, silhouette and details; what consumers perceive as fashionable

A

style

185
Q

consumers often base purchase decisions on if the ______ looks good on the consumer and fits in their wardrobe

A

color

186
Q

the overall ____________ of the product attracts the customer

A

appearance

187
Q

surface interest in fabric, helps give a clue of fiber content

A

texture

188
Q

what are the seven components of practical considerations?

A

price, fit, comfort, appropriateness, brand or designer label, fabric performance and care, quality

189
Q

sizing does not always indicate _____; a garment may look different on the hanger than on a person

A

fit

190
Q

consumers want the best quality for the best ______

A

price

191
Q

wash and wear versus dry cleaning

A

fabric performance and care

192
Q

construction, stitching, and finishing; depends on end use of the product

A

quality

193
Q

correct for the occasion

A

appropriateness

194
Q

warm clothes in the winter and cool clothes in the summer

A

comfort

195
Q

product identification, heavy advertising can influence consumers

A

brand or designer label

196
Q

consumers look for their idea of quality and reasonable prices

A

perceived value

197
Q

consumers look for their idea of a product that serves more than one purpose in their life

A

multiple use clothing

198
Q

consumers are waiting to closer to when they need something as opposed to planning ahead

A

wear now

199
Q

consumers look at making shopping easier for themselves

A

convenience

200
Q

consumers have less patience with waiting and higher expectations; employees being able to answer questions OR a website with an excellent search engine

A

service

201
Q

the lead store in a retail chain

A

the flagship store

202
Q

the flagship store acts as a _________ for the brand or retailer

A

showcase

203
Q

the flagship store is selling the store as a ________

A

brand

204
Q

What are the advantages of having a flagship store?

A

more flexibility, chance at more press, can increase customer loyalty, branding benefits

205
Q

What are the disadvantages of having a flagship store?

A

stores may have to follow strict guidelines that can hinder new development when finding a location, major cities lead to more competition, creating grander experiences take time and money

206
Q

what are some issues department stores are facing?

A

increased competition (discount stores and specialty stores)