Final Exam

Question 1

What is a +/+ interaction?

Answer 1

mutalism

Question 2

What is a +/0 interaction?

Answer 2

communalism

Question 3

What are +/- interactions?

Answer 3

predation, herbivory, parasitism

Question 4

What is a -/+ interaction?

Answer 4

competition

Question 5

What is a +/0 interaction?

Answer 5

amenalism

Question 6

what does competition lead to

Answer 6

competitive exclusion OR coexist

Question 7

define sympatric in relation to character displacement

Answer 7

one species trait is changed

Question 8

define allopatric in relation to character displacement

Answer 8

no change

Question 9

define interspecific competition

Answer 9

competition between species

Question 10

define intraspecific competition

Answer 10

competition between individuals of same species

Question 11

interference competition is

Answer 11

direct interaction

Question 12

exploitation competition is

Answer 12

indirect interaction

Question 13

what is R0

Answer 13

number of individuals that will get a disease when exposed if all individuals are susceptible

Question 14

if R0 is less than 1, disease will

Answer 14

not spread

Question 15

if R0 is greater than 1, disease will

Answer 15

spread

Question 16

Ns is

Answer 16

the number of susceptible hosts

Question 17

B is..

Answer 17

the transmission rate of disease

Question 18

L is…

Answer 18

average infection period

Question 19

symbiosis is

Answer 19

long lasting interaction of 2 species in close proximity

Question 20

mutualism is…(3 things)

Answer 20

resource based
dispersive
defensive

Question 21

richness is

Answer 21

the number of species in a community

Question 22

diversity relates to the

Answer 22

evenness of a population

Question 23

evenness is the

Answer 23

shannon index over natural log times k

Question 24

Define the Species-TIME hypothesis with examples of an support and unsupportive evidence

Answer 24

the more time, the more species diversify
SE: 1/2 all plant families have no species in temperate areas
UE: Marine life does not follow this

Question 25

Define the Species-AREA hypothesis with examples of an advantage and disadvantage

Answer 25

large areas have more species, resources, and habitats SE: supported with trees and insects in UK UE: not in asia

Question 26

Define the Species-PRODUCTIVITY hypothesis with examples of an advantage and disadvantage

Answer 26

with greater plants productivity, more species richness SE: evapotranspiration rate UE: ocean does not match this

Question 27

Define the IMEDIATE DISTRUBANCE hypothesis

Answer 27

how does the frequency of disturbance affect diversity

Question 28

define equilibrium

Answer 28

(S) the number of species on an island when immigration and extinction are balanced

Question 29

what are the two important variables for equilibrium

Answer 29

size distance from mainland

Question 30

thermodynamic laws

Answer 30

1. energy cannot be created or destroyed 2. energy is lost as heat in the transfer process

Question 31

What is GPP

Answer 31

Gross Primary Production: total carbon fixed during photosynthesis by primary producers

Question 32

What is NPP

Answer 32

Net Primary Production: amount of energy available to primary Consumers

Question 33

NPP=GPP-R

Answer 33

NPP=GPP-R

Question 34

ecological pyramids show

Answer 34

biomass number of organisms energy

Question 35

detritivores...

Answer 35

break down dead organisms. Ex is a fungi

Question 36

factors that control NPP (terrestrial)

Answer 36

water (linear relationship) temp nutrients (N and P)

Question 37

factors that control NPP (aquatic)

Answer 37

light (limits depth of algae growth) N and P

Question 38

how does energy move?

Answer 38

it flows

Question 39

how does matter move?

Answer 39

it cycles (like a circle)

Question 40

Global warming is

Answer 40

the increase of earths average surface temperature

Question 41

climate change is

Answer 41

long term change in earths or a regions climate

Question 42

global change is

Answer 42

any consistent trend in the environment that affects large parts of the globe (ex. invasive species)

Question 43

overexploitation is the

Answer 43

unsustainable harvesting of a resource

Question 44

list and explain the three levels of diversity

Answer 44

Genetic Diversity: genetic variation in populations Species Diversity: focus on species that are threatened Ecosystem Diversity: diversity function and structure between ecosystems

Question 45

Ecosystem Function

Answer 45

reflection of organisms and their activities' effect on the environment

Question 46

describe and explain the diversity stability hypothesis

Answer 46

species rich is more stable than species poor. ecosystem function is correlated to stability. graph looks like a correlated stead increase

Question 47

describe and explain the redundancy hypothesis

Answer 47

ecosystem function increases rapidly at a ow species richness, then saturates a t a certain point because species roles are redundant. Different species play same role. Adding more species does not increase function. Graph goes up then plateaus.

Question 48

describe and explain the keystone hypothesis

Answer 48

Keystone species are not redundant, these organisms play a special role in a community. Not all are top predators. graph looks like a steady increase then BAM exponential growth

Question 49

describe and explain the idosyncratic hypothesis

Answer 49

the ecosystem function and species richness relationship is unpredictable because species have different effects. Graph might as well be a rollercoaster

Question 50

define ecosystem services

Answer 50

beneficial things to humans contributed directly and indirectly by nature. ex: water supply, pollination, etc

Question 51

conservation strategies include

Answer 51

edge effects (think oval vs circle)

Question 52

define indicator species in relation to conservation

Answer 52

indicate health of an entire ecosystem. ex- polar bear

Question 53

define umbrella species in relation to conservation

Answer 53

large habitat requirements, so others are protected too. ex-bear

Question 54

define flagship species in relation to conservation

Answer 54

charismatic, recognizable species such as a panda

Question 55

define keystone species in relation to conservation

Answer 55

have a role our or proportion to their abundance such as a beaver