Final Exam Flashcards by Nelson Ngoma

Child growth and development consists of _______, _______, and _______, growth.

Physical, social, emotional

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What segment of lifespan development does child development focus on?

Child development focuses from conception to adolescence: 0 - 20 years old

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Dividing the years from birth to adulthood into into time periods is a _______.

Social construction

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Prenatal period is the time between conception and birth, typically ___ weeks

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According to Freud’s _______ theory, child development occurs in a series of stages focused on different pleasure areas of the body

Psychosexual

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Age:
Infanthood (___ - ___)
Toddler (___-___)
Early Childhood (___-___)
Middle Childhood (___-___)
Comprise Childhood (___-___)
Adolescence (___-___)

Age:
Birth - 1
1 - 5
3 - 8
9 - 11
3 - 11
12 - 18+

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What is the difference between nature and nurture?

Nature: physical and genetic factors affect a child’s development

Nurture: environmental factors affect a child’s development

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What are some of the limitations/flaws of Piaget’s theory?

Overestimating adolescent aptitude (natural abilities)

Underestimating newborn potential

Disregards environmental factors on child development

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What are the three independent components of personality in Freud’s Structural Paradigm?

Id - instinctive sexual aggressions (unconscious)
Ego - mediating between id and superego (conscious)
Superego - morals and conscience (preconscious)

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What are the stages of Sigmund Freud’s theory of psychosexual development?

Oral: mouth - sucking, swallowing, etc.
Anal: anus - potty training
Phallic: sexual organ - masturbation
Latent: N/A - social
Genital: sexual organ - sexual intercourse

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What are Erik Erikson’s stages of Psychosocial Development?

Trust v. Mistrust: birth - 18 months: hope
Autonomy v. Shame and Doubt: 18 months - 3 years: will
Initiative v. Guilt: 3 - 5 years: purpose
Industry v. Inferiority: 5 - 13 years: competency
Identity v. Confusion: 13 - 21 years: fidelity
Intimacy v. Isolation: 21 - 39 years: love
Generativity v. Stagnation: 40 - 65 years: care
Integrity v. Despair: 65+ years: wisdom

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What does Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory say?

Learning is contingent (dependent) upon culture and varies amongst cultures. Vygotsky signifies that educators take into account the effect of cultures on the learning environment.

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Dominant/recessive interactions are the most frequent type of allele-allele interaction. When one dominant allele crosses with a recessive allele, what is the allele of the offspring?

Dominant

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What are the three stages of prenatal development?

Germinal: 0 - 2 weeks
Embryonic: 3 - 8 weeks
Fetal: 9 weeks - birth

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The growth of your child is influenced by your child’s genes as well as other elements including a _______, _______, _______, and _______. Your child receives the nutrition and energy from healthy meals that they require to grow and thrive.

balanced diet, regular exercise, health, neighborhood

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The desire to master _______, _______, and _______ and _______ abilities in newborns and toddlers persists as they get older.

movement, balance, fine and gross motor

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_______, _______, _______, _______, _______, and _______ are all aspects of cognition. Our cognitive abilities assist us in organizing our information and applying it to new situations.

Language, creativity, thought, reasoning, problem-solving, memory

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Social and Emotional development

A child’s ability to establish and maintain deep connections with both adults and other children is referred to as social development. The ability of a kid to express, identify, and manage his or her emotions as well as react appropriately to those of others is known as emotional development.

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What are the 7 stages of human body growth?

Infant development
Toddler development
Preschooler development
Middle Childhood development
Adolescent development
Adult Development

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8 Early Stages of Brain Development

Neurulation
Proliferation
Cell migration
Differentiation
Synaptogenesis
Synapse pruning
Myelination
Summary

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What is gross motor and fine motor development?

Gross: involves larger body muscle movement
Fine: involves smaller body muscle movement

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_______, _______, and _______ can encourage brain growth whereas _______ and _______ exposure can have long-term harmful effects on a child’s brain. An important public health objective is to guarantee that parents, caregivers, and early childhood care providers have the tools and abilities to offer _______, _______, _______, and _______.

Talking, reading, playing…stress, trauma…secure, stable, caring, stimulating care

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According to Piaget’s theory, children advance through the phases of cognitive development through maturation, methods of discovery, and some social transmissions through _______ and _______.

Assimilation, accomodation

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An approach to cognitive development studies called ______________ theory seeks to explain how information is stored in memory.

Information processing

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As adults, it is difficult to conceive of life without a sense of “_______.”

self

Morality refers to standards that guide people’s judgments about what is _______ and _______, and about _______. It involves _______, _______, _______, and it is fundamental and important in our relationships with others.

right, wrong, justice,...cognition, affect, behavior

What is the importance of forming a secure attachment in infancy?

To develop a foundation for healthy parent-child relationships and social emotional adjustment. Style of parenting – responsive parenting – that can foster children’s secure attachment.

Are the changes of the brain during the middle years more dramatic than changes in the early years?

Why does body growth occur slowly during middle childhood ages?

It gives children time to adjust to their bodies and learn to use them more effectively.

Children of age 2-6/7 are considered _______ because they lack cognitive _______-actions that are carried out and reversed mentally

preoperational, operations

Emphasis on deeper, more enduring qualities over surface appearances

concrete operations

The understanding that quantities such as numbers, weight, volume, or area stay the same even when appearances are altered

conservation

According to Piaget, the ability to solve conservation problems depends on an understanding of three basic aspects of reasoning.

identity, compensation, and reversibility

If nothing is added or taken away, an item stays the same

identity

An apparent change in one direction can be compensated for by a change in a another direction

compensation

A child can mentally cancel out the change that has been made

reversibility

A child's ability to focus on a single characteristic of objects in a set and group the objects according to the characteristic

classification

The process of making orderly arrangements from large to small or vice versa

seriation

The area between a child's current development level and the level of development that a child could achieve with support from others

zone of proximal development (ZPD)

Designed to promote learning, but is not a traditional lecture or discussion

instructional conservation

The understandings and skills developed over generations that families need to function

funds of knowledge

Attention disorders and impulsive-hyperactivity disorders

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

The work space of the memory system where new information is combined with existing knowledge

working memory

Where well-learned knowledge is stored more permanently

long-term memory

We have to search intentionally to retrieve _______

explicit memory

Memory that requires no thinking or effort

implicit memory

knowledge (____), specific events (____)

semantic, episodic

Verbal sound information

phonological loop

Visual/spatial information

visual sketchpad

Where phonological loops, visual/spatial information, and long-term memory are integrated together to create mental representations

episodic buffer

"worker" that oversees processing

central executive

One's knowledge and beliefs about one's own cognitive processes

metacognition

Explicit, conscious, and factual knowledge about one's cognitive abilities and the skills, strategies, and resources needed to perform a task

declarative metacognition

Knowing how to use the strategies, focus attention, and generally enact the plans one makes: implicit and unconscious

procedural metacognition

Knowing when and why to apply procedures and strategies

conditional or self-regulatory metacognition

Tht two international assessment programs are called:

The Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS), and Program for International Student Assessment (PISA)

There is math superiority in the Asian countries of _______, _______, _______, _______, and _______.

Hong Kong, Singapore, Korea, Chinese Taipei, and Japan

The _______(NCLB) act required all students in grades 3 through 8 and also once in high school should take standardized achievement tests in reading, mathematics, and science

No Child Left Behind

AYP stands for _______

Adequate yearly progress

Parents who are reassuring and supportive of their children's autonomy will help their children handle the _______, _______, and _______ that are bound to come with schooling.

frustrations, delays, tensions

Families from lower SES families show higher average levels of achievement on test scores and stay in school longer than children from higher SES families.

False

The three categories of classroom climate that are related to the development and learning of preschool and elementary school students are:

affective, behavioral, and cognitive dimensions

A composite of the beliefs and attitudes we have about ourselves

self-concept

As children develop, they start to distinguish between their _______ and _______ selves

ideal and real

The self-evaluative part of the self-concept and that self-evaluations often are based on feedback from others, including parents, teachers, and peers

self-esteem

The minority children show greater awareness of race and ethnicity than children who identify with the majority group

True

Having high academic self-esteem is associated with success in school as well as a willingness to attempt challenging tasks

True

_______ involves effortful, voluntary control of emotions, attention, and behavior

emotional self-regulation

_______________ is when children believe they are in control of their emotional experiences

emotional self-efficacy

The ability to imagine what other people are thinking and feeling, develops gradually as children become less egocentric and more able to recognize and coordinate multiple dimensions of interpersonal experiences

perspective taking

What are Selman's 5 stages of Perspective Taking?

Stage 0: Egocentric Viewpoint (3-6) Stage 1: Social-Informational Role Taking (6-8) Stage 2: Self-Reflective Role Taking (8-10) Stage 3: Mutual Role Taking (10-12) Stage 4: Social and Conventional System Role Taking (12-15+)

Judgments about the rightness or wrongness of certain acts

moral reasoning

Equality, Merit, and Benevolence

distributive justice

Children 5-6 believe that rules are absolute and cannot be changed because they were given by authorities

moral realism

At age 8, children understand that people can agree to change rules if they want to. They also start to realize that you don't get punished unless you get caught

moral relativism

Judgment based solely on a person's needs and perceptions

preconventional

Expectations of informal and formal groups, society, and law are taken into account

conventional

Judgments are based on more generalizable universal principles that are personally held and not necessarily based on society's laws

postconventional

Hypothetical situations that ask people to make difficult decisions and justify them

moral dilemmas

Voluntary behavior intended to benefit other people: it usually involves low self-sacrifice or is strongly encouraged by adults

prosocial behavior

When adults use ______________, they give children reasons why their behavior is wrong

inductive discipline

Behavior intended to to hurt others or to damage property

aggressive behavior

Places where members care about and support each other, actively participate in and have influence on the group's activities and decisions, feel a sense of belonging and identification in the group, and have common norms, goals, values

learning communities

_______ in the frontal lobe continue to be _______ during adolescence

Axons, myelinated

By the end of adolescence, brains and neurological changes help individuals to avoid risky behaviors, be more purposeful and organized, and inhibit impulsive behavior

True

The dramatic physical growth and development during puberty requires increases in _______, _______, _______, and _______.

energy, protein, vitamins, and minerals

Foods to increase

half fruits, vegetables half whole grains fat-free or low fat milk

Foods to decrease

sodium sugary drinks

Lunch is the most important meal of the day; adolescents who skip lunch are more likely to become obese

False; breakfast

What is the recommended amount of calcium to intake a day?

1,300 mg

By 18, __% of the bone mass is developed

Teenagers need about how many hours of sleep a day?

How many minutes is the recommended time of exercise

60 minutes/ 1 hour

Ways of speaking that fit certain social situations

registers

The minimal and informal language of overusing words such as "like" and "ya'know," "OK," and "whatever"

mallspeak

Young leader focus more on the goals of the _______.

group

Teaching where English should be introduced as early as possible

transition approach

Teaching which improves native language in order to gradually develop in English

native-language maintenance instruction

Moves from the general assumption to the specific

deductive reasoning

Moves from specific instances to a general conclusion

inductive reasoning

Consideration of hypothetical situations to reason deductively

hypothetical deductive reasoning

To help students understand and think deeply about what they read

reciprocal teaching

Switch back and forth from one task to another, but focuses on only one at a time

sequential multitasking

Overlapping in focus on several tasks at a time

simultaneous multitasking

Adolescent self-concept is usually contingent upon social settings and are more complex and differentiated than in earlier childhood

True

Adolescent self-esteem is associated with positive outcomes, and positive self-regard is generally thought to protect oneself against negative outcomes

True

Adolescents have lesser extremes and less changes in mood than either preadolescents or adults

False

Which part of the brain is associated with risk-taking?

cerbellum

In parenting adolescents, parent should balance in granting _______ and maintaining _______

autonomy, control

Tensions between most parents and adolescents are not serious enough to cause a dramatic deterioration in their relationships

True

Final Exam Flashcards

(110 cards)