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IB Environmental Science & Systems > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is bycatch?

A

any non-target organisms that are caught and then disposed of into the ocean

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2
Q

What is humus?

A

partially decomposed organic matter

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3
Q

When does smog reach its peak?

A

early afternoon

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4
Q

What percent of the world’s commercial energy does coal supply?

A

42%

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5
Q

What is the world’s current population?

A

8 billion

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6
Q

What is the crude birth rate?

A

the total number of births per 1,000 people

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7
Q

What percent of the Earth’s water supply is available to us as liquid freshwater?

A

0.3%

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8
Q

What causes cultural eutrophication in lakes and rivers?

A

plant nutrients

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9
Q

What is an indicator species?

A

plants/animals that show something about the environment based on their presence, absence, or scarcity

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10
Q

Throughout the world, what is most water used for?

A

irrigation

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11
Q

What is energy security?

A

the ability to secure affordable, reliable, and sufficient energy for a particular country

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12
Q

What is the general approach to pollution that the textbook regularly refers to?

A

Replace, Regulate, Restore

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13
Q

In the early transitional stage of the demographic transition, what happens first that causes the population to grow?

A

death rate drops

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14
Q

What percent of total waste comes from municipal sources?

A

5%

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15
Q

If a country is growing rapidly, what will its population pyramid have?

A

wide base

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16
Q

In 1965, who presented the phrase “necessity is the mother of invention”?

A

Ester Boserup

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17
Q

What is subsistence farming?

A

farming to produce food for your own family and local community with little surplus

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18
Q

What is integrated pest management?

A

a program that uses a combination of biological, cultivation, and chemical approaches to pest management

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19
Q

What is extensive farming?

A

farming that is characterized by a low density of crops/animals across a large space

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20
Q

What is a keystone species?

A

a species whose role in an ecosystem is more important than their abundance

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21
Q

What are the four main components of soil?

A

mineral particles, organic materials, water, and air

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22
Q

What is an ecocentrist?

A

a person who believes that nature is the center of the universe and man should serve nature

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23
Q

In an energy transformation, where does some of the energy usually end up?

A

heat energy that flows into the environment

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24
Q

Which pyramid best explains why there are typically only four to five links in a food chain?

A

pyramid of productivity

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25
Q

What is an anthropocentrist?

A

a person who feels that a human’s job is to manage Earth’s resources properly so they can be used by future generations

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26
Q

What is the 1st Law of Thermodynamics?

A

all energy comes from existing energy

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27
Q

What is the leading non-point source of water pollution?

A

agriculture

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28
Q

What is a fishery?

A

when fish are harvested from a source in some way

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29
Q

What is Earth a closed system for?

A

matter

30
Q

What is a great source of data for the concentration of gases in our ancient atmosphere?

A

ice cores

31
Q

How is photochemical smog formed?

A

primary pollutants interact with sunlight

32
Q

What is acid deposition best classified as?

A

a regional problem

33
Q

What is the pH of rain in the United States?

A

5.6

34
Q

What are the major primary pollutants that lead to acid deposition?

A

SO2 and NO

35
Q

Because scientists don’t have access to the ancient atmosphere, what must they rely on to draw conclusions?

A

proxy data

36
Q

What is the greenhouse effect?

A

the trapping of heat energy in the troposphere by certain gaseous molecules

37
Q

What is a population?

A

a group of individuals of the same species occupying a given area at the same time

38
Q

What are the organisms that are classified as primary consumers?

A

herbivores

39
Q

What is an example of a place that would exhibit primary succession?

A

a rock exposed by a retreating glacier

40
Q

What is an example of a place that would exhibit secondary succession?

A

a heavily polluted stream that has been cleaned up

41
Q

If every year, only the amount that a fish population grew was harvested, what would this be known as?

A

maximum sustainable yield

42
Q

In cultural eutrophication, what do game fish die from?

A

suffocation from a lack of oxygen

43
Q

What is an aquifer?

A

a porous water-saturated layer of underground rock

44
Q

What type of agriculture is most characteristic of LEDCs?

A

traditional subsistence agriculture

45
Q

What type of agriculture is most characteristic of MEDCs?

A

industrialized agriculture

46
Q

How is soil developed?

A

weathering

47
Q

What is an example of an r-strategist?

A

insects

48
Q

What are 6 GHGs?

A
  1. carbon dioxide (CO2)
  2. water vapor
  3. methane (CH4)
  4. nitrogen dioxide (N2O)
  5. ozone
  6. CFCs
49
Q

If the temperature one winter is 45 F for 5 days in a row, how many total heating degree days is this?

A

100 total heating degree days

50
Q

What best describes the earth’s average surface temperature for the past 900,000 years?

A

constantly fluctuating

51
Q

What is the range of estimated species existing on Earth?

A

4-100 million

52
Q

What is net primary productivity?

A

the rate at which producers are adding biomass which is available as food for the next trophic level

53
Q

The formation of tropospheric ozone is primarily due to which two primary pollutants?

A

NO and VOCs

54
Q

What do the matter and energy laws tell us?

A

both matter and energy laws can be recycled

55
Q

What is an example of a non-renewable resource?

A

fertile soil

56
Q

Why is the energy efficiency of aquatic food productions generally less efficient than terrestrial food productions?

A

losses between trophic levels

57
Q

What was the consensus view on climate change from the IPCC?

A

the climate is changing and it is most likely due to human emissions of GHGs

58
Q

What might genetically modified foods reduce the need for?

A

large amounts of pesticides

59
Q

Which strategist is generally more adaptable to change?

A

r-strategist

60
Q

What is a negative feedback loop?

A

a stabilizing process that reduces change

61
Q

What possible consequence of global warming represents a negative feedback loop?

A

methane may be released and rapidly oxidized by bacteria in tundra soils

62
Q

Where do half of the calories that humans consume come from?

A

rice, corn, potato, wheat

63
Q

Was the Montreal Protocol effective?

A

the Montreal Protocol successfully reduced ozone depleting substances over just a few years

64
Q

What is the most abundant GHG?

A

carbon dioxide

65
Q

What is the most important in determining if the resource is being used sustainably?

A

the difference between the rate of replenishment and the rate of consumption

66
Q

What is most soil erosion caused by?

A

moving water

67
Q

How did American settlers primarily view the continent?

A

a hostile wilderness that needed to be conquered

68
Q

What are 6 primary pollutants?

A
  1. carbon monoxide (CO)
  2. carbon dioxide (CO2)
  3. unburned hydrocarbons
  4. nitrogen oxides
  5. sulphur dioxide
  6. particulates/particulate matter (PM)
69
Q

What is an example of a secondary pollutant?

A

tropospheric ozone

70
Q

What does shale oil and tar sands have in comparison to conventional oil deposits?

A

have lower net useful energy yield

71
Q

Which energy source has the highest net energy ratio for electricity?

A

solar

IB Environmental Science & Systems (7 decks)

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