FINAL EXAM Flashcards
(44 cards)
the origins of, and reasons for, broadcast regulation
to ensure that there is no indecency, profanity or porno
radioact of 1927
how courts justify broadcast regulation
scarcity of spectrum pervasive prescence and special impact
fcc
acts of Congress leading up to the licensing of broadcast stations
wirless ship act
radio act pf 12
radio act of 27
Federal radio commisiion
the communications act
Major case rulings establishing the FCC authority
Wireless Ship Act of 1910
Radio Act of of 1912
Radio Act of 1927
Federal Radio commission ( FRC)
Communications Act of 1934
The fcc and its commissioners
Five commissioners
Nominated by the president
No more than three from the same political party
Five year terms are staggered
The fairness doctrine
Provides time for the discussion of important public issues
Present all viewpoints on these issues
the political broadcasting regulations talked about in class
Equal opportunity rule ( should news coverage be immune to this)
Exemptions
- regularly scheduled newscast
- regularly scheduled news interview program
- coverage of bona fide news event
- incidental appearance in a news documentary
equaloppurtunity rule means providing comparable time and placement to opposing candidates; it does not require a station to provide opposing candidates with programs identical to the initiating candidate
regulations that limit ownership of broadcast stations, both television and radio
Tv duopoly permitted
If there are 8 independently -owned stations in the market
No limit on total # radio stations nationally
IHeart radio 850 stations 110 million listeners
Within market limitations
Graduated scale
No limit on total number of tv stations owned nationally
But there is a percentage of potential audience limitat
the trends in broadcast , cable TV, and satellite TV regulation
the censorship
the must carry rule and regulations
Should cable television systems be forced to carry all local broadcast television stations as part of their packages?
Is there a government interest? If so, is it consistent with the first amendment? Can government regulation be justified?
Supreme court
require cable systems to carry local broadcast television stations
Must carry provisions furthered an important gov interest
Must carry does not burden substantially more speech than necessary to further those interests( content neutral)
Congress drew reasonable inferences from substantia; evidence before it to conclude that in the absence of the must rules, significant numbers of broadcast stations would be refused carriage
The judgements about how competing economic interests were to be reconciled in the field of television were for congress to make
standards used in assessing a broadcast station’s license renewal application
8 years
QUalifications include:
US CItizen
Sufficient funds for 3 months
duopoly
Multiple Ownership Rules
Tv duopoly permitted
If there are 8 independently -owned stations in the market
No limit on total # radio stations nationally
IHeart radio 850 stations 110 million listeners
Within market limitations
Graduated scale
No limit on total number of tv stations owned nationally
But there is a percentage of potential audience limitations
when two companies dominate a market for a given product or service.
the primary federal regulating agencies of electronic media and advertising, respectively
FCC
The communication decency act abd what is targeted
the United States Congress’s first notable attempt to regulate pornographic material on the Internet especially minors.
the ruling in the case that challenged that law( Communication Decency Act)
Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union (1997), ruled the law was unconstitutionally overbroad because it suppressed a significant amount of protected adult speech , The U.S. Supreme Court agreed
trying to protect minors from indecent material
the CDA was unconstitutional due to the content based restristion on speech.
the overall trend with laws that have attempted to protect children from certain Internet
content
not constitutional
which, if any, of the several laws attempting to regulate Internet content withstood a First
Amendment challenge
children internet protection act
net neutrality
Companies that distribute content through the internet should treat all sources of data equally
Not doing so:
Allows some content to be treated differently, either preferentility or with less favor
Allows companies to raise rates for some content - that is, its a revenue stream
It becomes a political issue.
In Oct 2023, FCC voted to begin the process to restore n.n.
streaming video regulations
Currently no regulations
FCC is analyzing the situation
Being pressured by:
Some members of congress
Broadcasters
safe harbor
where the courts permitted a time for cable tv to showcase obscene tvs
orgin of indecent speech
obscenity
Average person, applying contemporary local community standards, would find that the work , taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest
the work depicts in a patently offensive way sexual conduct specifically defined by applicable state law
The work lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value
variable obscenity
Sexual material otherwise acceptable for adults may be found abscene if provided to children
copyright law ( orgin)
constitutional orgin
