Final Exam Flashcards by Sofia Oshier

The _________blank secretes a hormone that increases the body’s metabolic rate, promotes alertness, quickens reflexes, and stimulates the fetal nervous system.

thyroid gland
pancreas
adrenal gland
parathyroid gland
thymus

Thyroid gland

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A female’s first pregnancy is normal but her second pregnancy results in hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN). The second child needed a transfusion to completely replace the agglutinating blood. The mother is most likely type _________blank and both children are most likely _________blank.

A, Rh-negative; B, Rh-positive
A, Rh-positive; B, Rh-negative
O, Rh-negative; AB, Rh-negative
AB, Rh-positive; O, Rh-negative
AB, Rh-positive; O, Rh-positive

A, Rh-negative; B, Rh-positive

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_________blank are secreted by one cell into the tissue fluid, diffuse to nearby cells in the same tissue, and stimulate their physiology.

Neurotransmitters
Neuromodulators
Hormones
Parahormones
Paracrines

Paracrines

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The _________blank valve regulates the flow of blood between the right ventricle and the vessels leading to the lungs.

right atrioventricular
left atrioventricular
aortic
pulmonary
mitral

pulmonary

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Which of the following is the correct abbreviation for the hormone that stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete ACTH?

CRH
GHRH
GHIH
APRH
TRH

CRH

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The _________blank performs the work of the heart.

fibrous skeleton
pericardial cavity
endocardium
myocardium
epicardium

myocardium

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What are the least abundant of the formed elements?

Platelets
Basophils
Erythrocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils

Basophils

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What type of shock occurs when bacterial toxins trigger vasodilation and increase capillary permeability?

Compensated
Anaphylactic
Neurogenic
Cardiogenic
Septic

Septic

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Which of the following is not true of a patient with anemia?

Multiple Choice
Their blood viscosity is increased.
They are lethargic.
Their blood osmolarity is reduced.
Their resistance to blood flow is reduced.
More fluid transfers from their bloodstream into their intercellular spaces.

Their blood viscosity is increased.

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Which of the following is not normally found in plasma?

Multiple Choice
Glycogen
Fibrinogen
Glucose
Urea
Albumin

Glycogen

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Which of the following might be injected into a patient who is prone to forming blood clots and therefore at risk of a heart attack or stroke?

Multiple Choice
Thromboplastin
Fibrinogen
Fibrin
Heparin
Factor X

Heparin

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Which of the following would not decrease the blood colloid osmotic pressure (COP)?

Multiple Choice
Severe liver failure
A diet predominantly based on red meat
Starvation
An extremely low-protein diet
Hypoproteinemia

A diet predominantly based on red meat

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A nurse takes your blood pressure and tells you the numbers are 110/70. What are your blood pressures?

Systolic = 110 mmHg, Diastolic = 70 mmHg, Pulse Pressure = 40 mmHg, MAP = 83 mmMg
Systolic = 110 mmHg, Diastolic = 70 mmHg, Pulse Pressure = 40 mmHg, MAP = 90 mmMg
Diastolic = 110 mmHg, Systolic = 70 mmHg, Pulse Pressure = 40 mmHg, MAP = 107 mmMg
Diastolic = 110 mmHg, Systolic = 70 mmHg, Pulse Pressure = 40 mmHg, MAP = 90 mmMg
Diastolic = 110 mmHg, Systolic = 40 mmHg, Pulse Pressure = 70 mmHg, MAP = 90 mmMg

Systolic = 110 mmHg, Diastolic = 70 mmHg, Pulse Pressure = 40 mmHg, MAP = 83 mmMg

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Atrial systole begins _________blank.

Multiple Choice
immediately before the P wave
During the P wave.
during the Q wave
during the S-T segment
immediately after the T wave

During the P wave.

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hich of the following are powerful vasoconstrictors?

Multiple Choice
Norepinephrine and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Norepinephrine and natriuretic peptides
Norepinephrine and angiotensin II
Epinephrine and aldosterone
Epinephrine and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Norepinephrine and angiotensin II

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When the left ventricle contracts, the _________blank valve closes and the _________blank valve is pushed open.

Multiple Choice
mitral; pulmonary
right AV; pulmonary
right AV; aortic
mitral; aortic
aortic; pulmonary

mitral; aortic

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Which of the following is not a characteristic of diabetes mellitus?

Multiple Choice
Hypoglycemia
Polyuria
Polyphagia
Polydipsia
Glycosuria

Hypoglycemia

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The plateau in the action potential of cardiac muscle results from the action

Multiple Choice
Na+ Inflow
K+ inflow
K+ outflow
fast Ca2+ channels
slow Ca2+ channels

Slow Ca2+ channels

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The _________blank is the pacemaker that initiates each heart beat.

Multiple Choice
sympathetic division of the nervous system
autonomic nervous system
sinuatrial (SA) node
atrioventricular (AV) node
cardiac conduction system

Sinuatrial (SA) node

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Why are pregnant Rh- females given an injection of Rh immune globulin?

Multiple Choice
Antibodies in the injection bind fetal RBC antigens so they cannot stimulate her immune system to produce anti-D antibodies.

Antibodies in the injection bind fetal RBC antigens so they cannot stimulate her immune system to produce anti-A and anti-B antibodies.

Antibodies in the injection bind fetal RBC antigens so they cannot stimulate her immune system to produce anti-A antibodies.

Antibodies in the injection bind fetal RBC antigens so they cannot stimulate her immune system to produce anti-O antibodies.

Antibodies in the injection bind fetal RBC antigens so they cannot stimulate her immune system to produce anti-B antibodies.

Antibodies in the injection bind fetal RBC antigens so they cannot stimulate her immune system to produce anti-D antibodies.

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What is the mean arterial pressure for a person with 110 and 65 mm Hg as systolic and diastolic pressure, respectively?

Multiple Choice
45 mm Hg
80 mm Hg
87.5 mm Hg
90 mm Hg
175 mm Hg

80 mm Hg

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Which of the following is most likely to cause anemia?

Multiple Choice
High altitude
Air pollution other than by carbon monoxide
Renal disease
Smoking
Any factor that creates a state of hypoxemia

Renal disease

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Which of the following would decrease the velocity of blood flow?

Multiple Choice
Increased viscosity
Increased blood pressure
Increased vessel radius
Increased afterload
Decreased vasomotion

Increased viscosity

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In people who stand for long periods, blood tends to pool in the lower limbs and this may result in varicose veins. What causes the varicose veins?

Multiple Choice
An aneurysm or weak point in an artery
An aneurysm or weak point in a vein
Failure of the venous valves
Failure of the lymphatic valves
A ruptured aneurysm in a vein

Failure of the venous valves

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Which is the correct sequence of events of the cardiac cycle? Multiple Choice Ventricular filling → isovolumetric contraction → isovolumetric relaxation → ventricular ejection Ventricular filling → isovolumetric relaxation → isovolumetric contraction → ventricular ejection Ventricular filling → ventricular ejection → isovolumetric contraction → isovolumetric relaxation Ventricular filling → isovolumetric relaxation → ventricular ejection → isovolumetric contraction Ventricular filling → isovolumetric contraction → ventricular ejection → isovolumetric relaxation

Ventricular filling → isovolumetric contraction → ventricular ejection → isovolumetric relaxation

The _________blank secretes growth hormone, which is also known as somatotropin. Multiple Choice posterior pituitary anterior pituitary hypothalamus thyroid thymus

Anterior pituitary

he _________blank secrete(s) a hormone as a response to hypocalcemia. Multiple Choice thymus thyroid gland parathyroid glands pineal gland pituitary gland

parathyroid glands

Which is the correct path of an electrical excitation from the pacemaker to a cardiomyocyte in the left ventricle (LV)? Multiple Choice Sinuatrial (SA) node → atrioventricular (AV) bundle → atrioventricular (AV) node → subendocardial branches → cardiomyocyte in LV Atrioventricular (AV) node → subendocardial branches → atrioventricular (AV) bundle → sinuatrial (SA) node → cardiomyocyte in LV Atrioventricular (AV) node → sinuatrial (SA) node → atrioventricular (AV) bundle → subendocardial branches → cardiomyocyte in LV Sinuatrial (SA) node → atrioventricular (AV) node → atrioventricular (AV) bundle → subendocardial branches → cardiomyocyte in LV Sinuatrial (SA) node → atrioventricular (AV) node → subendocardial branches → atrioventricular (AV) bundle → cardiomyocyte in LV

Sinuatrial (SA) node → atrioventricular (AV) node → atrioventricular (AV) bundle → subendocardial branches → cardiomyocyte in LV

Hypertension is commonly considered to be a chronic resting blood pressure higher than __________blank. Multiple Choice 180/90 190/80 120/70 130/80 200/90

130/80

Which of the following is not a steroid hormone? Multiple Choice Insulin Cortisol Progesterone Aldosterone Estradiol

Insulin

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) targets the _________blank. Multiple Choice kidneys adrenal gland anterior pituitary hypothalamus pancreas

Kidneys

Erythrocytes transport oxygen and _________blank. Multiple Choice defend the body against pathogens initiate blood clotting regulate erythropoiesis transport nutrients transport some carbon dioxide

transport some carbon dioxide

During the exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome (stress response), stress overwhelms homeostasis. One characteristic of this stage is that _________blank. Multiple Choice glycogen supplies are depleted energy demands are met primarily by fat metabolism fermentation is not enough to provide the necessary ATP energy demands are met primarily by protein metabolism energy demands are met primarily by carbohydrate metabolism

energy demands are met primarily by protein metabolism

Diabetes insipidus is caused by _________blank. Multiple Choice epinephrine hypersecretion cortisol hypersecretion aldosterone hypersecretion antidiuretic hormone (ADH) hyposecretion antidiuretic hormone (ADH) hypersecretion

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) hyposecretion

A person with type A blood can safely donate RBCs to someone of type _________blank and can receive RBCs from someone of type _________blank. Multiple Choice O; AB AB; O A; B B; A O; O

AB; O

A person with type AB blood has _________blank RBC antigen(s). Multiple Choice no anti-A and anti-B anti-A anti-B A and B

A and B

Which of the following is not an endocrine organ? Multiple Choice Spleen Pineal gland Thymus Neurohypophysis Testis

Spleen

Opening and closing of the heart valves is caused by _________blank. Multiple Choice breathing gravity valves contracting and relaxing osmotic gradients pressure gradients

pressure gradients

Which of the following does not lead to edema? Multiple Choice Obstruction of lymphatic vessels Liver disease Famine Hyperproteinemia Hypertension

Hyperproteinemia

The hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system connects the hypothalamus to the _________blank. Multiple Choice neurohypophysis pineal gland cerebral cortex adenohypophysis thalamus

adenohypophysis

In a normal ECG, the deflection that is generated by ventricular repolarization is called the _________blank. Multiple Choice R wave QRS wave P wave S wave T wave

T wave

The resistance stage in the general adaptation syndrome (stress response) is dominated by _________blank. Multiple Choice cortisol epinephrine norepinephrine angiotensin aldosterone

cortisol

Which circuit carries blood from the right ventricle to the lungs for gas exchange and returns it to the left atrium of the heart? Multiple Choice Pulmonary Systemic Coronary Fetal Lymphatic

Pulmonary

Which of the following has the most important effect on blood velocity? Multiple Choice Blood viscosity Vessel radius Blood osmolarity Hematocrit Vessel length

Vessel radius

Which of the following is the last step in the sequence of events happening when cyclic AMP acts as a second messenger? Multiple Choice G protein activates adenylate cyclase cAMP activates protein kinases Adenylate cyclase produces cAMP G protein is activated by the binding of a hormone to the receptor Enzymes are activated or deactivated by the action of protein kinases

Enzymes are activated or deactivated by the action of protein kinases

Where in the body are hemopoietic stem cells found? Multiple Choice Yellow bone marrow Thymus Red bone marrow Spleen Liver

Red bone marrow

What is the function of antidiuretic hormone? Multiple Choice It causes the release of hormones from the adrenal cortex. It acts on the hypothalamus to decrease appetite. It causes smooth muscle contraction in the female reproductive tract. It causes vasodilation. It increases water retention from renal tubules.

It increases water retention from renal tubules.

When the aortic semilunar valve closes and blood bounces off of it, it produces the _________blank heart sound that is ultimately related to when the _________blank. Multiple Choice lubb (S1); atria contract dupp (S2); atria relax lubb (S1); ventricles contract dupp (S2); ventricles relax lubb (S1); ventricles relax

dupp (S2); ventricles relax

Which of the following best describes a hormone? Multiple Choice A chemical messenger transported by the bloodstream that stimulates target cells in another organ often a good distance away. Chemical messengers that diffuse from their point of origin locally to affect other cells physiology. Chemical messengers that travel across a synapse to stimulate another cell. Junctions between cells interconnecting their cytoplasm. A chemical messenger that is triggered by the binding of a ligand on the cell surface and causes a change in DNA transcription.

A chemical messenger transported by the bloodstream that stimulates target cells in another organ often a good distance away.

Aspirin and ibuprofen block the _________blank. Multiple Choice release of arachidonic acid from the plasma membrane action of phospholipase A1 action of phospholipase A2 action of lipoxygenase action of cyclooxygenase

action of cyclooxygenase

What is the most abundant protein in plasma? Multiple Choice Insulin Creatine Bilirubin Albumin Creatinine

Albumin

Growth hormone (GH) hypersecretion causes gigantism when it begins in childhood, but it is more likely to cause _________blank when it begins in adulthood. Multiple Choice myxedema Graves disease Cushing syndrome goiter acromegaly

acromegaly

Which of the following does not contribute to venous return? Multiple Choice The difference of pressure between venules and the venae cavae The expansion of the thoracic cavity during inhalation The suction created by the atria slightly expanding during ventricular systole Widespread vasodilation Contraction of skeletal muscles of the limbs

Widespread vasodilation

What is the abbreviation for the hormone also known as vasopressin? Multiple Choice ADH ACTH TRH DHEA GnRH

ADH

The Frank-Starling law of the heart states that stroke volume is proportional to _________blank. Multiple Choice the end-systolic volume the end-diastolic volume the afterload the heart rate contractility

the end-diastolic volume

Atrial depolarization causes the _________blank. Multiple Choice P wave QRS complex T wave first heart sound quiescent period

P wave

The ABO blood group is determined by _________blank in the plasma membrane of RBCs. Multiple Choice glycolipids glycoproteins antibodies antigen-antibody complexes agglutinins

glycolipids

A bee sting can trigger a massive release of histamine, which causes __________blank and a(n) __________blank in arterial blood pressure. Multiple Choice vasodilation; decrease vasodilation; increase vasoconstriction; decrease vasoconstriction; increase vasoconstriction; oscillation

vasodilation; decrease

What is the most important force driving reabsorption at the venous end of a capillary? Multiple Choice Oncotic pressure Tissue fluid colloid osmotic pressure Blood colloid osmotic pressure Interstitial hydrostatic pressure Blood hydrostatic pressure

Blood colloid osmotic pressure

Which of the following decreases blood pressure? Multiple Choice Norepinephrine Antidiuretic hormone Angiotensin II Aldosterone Natriuretic peptides

Natriuretic peptides

Which term refers to relaxation of the heart? Multiple Choice Diastole Systole Asystole Fibrillation Bradycardia

Diastole

What type of shock can be produced by hemorrhage, severe burns, or dehydration? Multiple Choice Anaphylactic Cardiogenic Hypovolemic Venous pooling Neurogenic

Hypovolemic

The hormone called _________blank plays an important role in synchronizing physiological function with the cycle of daylight and darkness. Multiple Choice calcitonin melanin melatonin hepcidin inhibin

melatonin

During isovolumetric contraction, the pressure in the ventricles _________blank. Multiple Choice falls rapidly rises rapidly remains constant rises and then falls falls and then rises

rises rapidly

Stroke volume is increased by _________blank. Multiple Choice high arterial blood pressure negative inotropic agents increased venous return increased afterload dehydration

increased venous return

The _________blank are the superior chambers of the heart and the _________blank are the inferior chambers of the heart. Multiple Choice visceral layers of the serous percardiaum; parietal layers of the serous pericardium ventricles; atria atria; ventricles left ventricles; right ventricles left atria; right atria

atria; ventricles

Viscosity and osmolarity will both increase if the amount of __________blank in the blood increases. Multiple Choice erythrocytes protein water erythrocytes and protein protein and water

erythrocytes and protein

Many hours after a meal, alpha (α) cells in the pancreatic islets secrete _________blank, which _________blank blood glucose. Multiple Choice glucagon; lowers glucagon; raises insulin; lowers insulin; raises glucocorticoids; raises

glucagon; raises

What might account for a soldier experiencing syncope after standing at attention for a long period of time? Multiple Choice Increased respiratory rate Vasoconstriction Increased heart rate Venous pooling Hypertension

Venous pooling

The _________blank secrete(s) _________blank, which promotes Na+ and water retention. Multiple Choice adrenal medulla; epinephrine pancreas; cortisol kidneys; corticosterone adrenal cortex; aldosterone thyroid; calcitonin

adrenal cortex; aldosterone

Which of the following statements about TIAs and CVAs is true? Multiple Choice TIAs are often early warning signs of an impending stroke. TIAs are the result of brain tissue death caused by ischemia. A CVA usually results from spasms of diseased cerebral arteries. TIAs often result in blindness and paralysis. TIA and CVA are two terms for the same condition.

TIAs are often early warning signs of an impending stroke.

What is the final product of the breakdown of the organic nonprotein moiety of hemoglobin? Multiple Choice Biliverdin Bilirubin Globin Heme Iron

Bilirubin

Which of the following statements about diabetes mellitus is false? Multiple Choice The body produces autoantibodies that destroy the pancreatic beta cells in type I DM. Target cells are unresponsive to insulin in type II DM. Both type I and type II DM are characterized by lack of, or low levels of, insulin. Diabetic neuropathy is a common long-term effect of DM. Type II DM is more common than type I DM.

Both type I and type II DM are characterized by lack of, or low levels of, insulin.

The pacemaker potential is a result of _________blank. Multiple Choice Na+ inflow Na+ outflow K+ inflow K+ outflow Ca2+ inflow

Na+ inflow

An individual has type B, Rh-positive blood. The individual has _________blank antigen(s) and can produce anti-_________blank antibodies. Multiple Choice A and D; B B and D; A B; A and D A; B and D D; A and B

B and D; A

The heart is enfolded within a space called the _________blank. Multiple Choice pericardial cavity mediastinum abdominal cavity pleural cavity myocardium

pericardial cavity

Alternative routes of blood supply are called __________blank. Multiple Choice metarterioles capillary beds preferred channels thoroughfare channels anastomoses

anastomoses

Which of the following is an increase in the number of receptors making a target cell more sensitive to a hormone? Multiple Choice Negative feedback inhibition The antagonistic effect Up-regulation Enzyme amplification Down-regulation

Up-regulation

Where is the greatest volume of blood found in the body? Multiple Choice Pulmonary circuit Heart Arteries Veins Capillaries

Veins

The viscosity of blood is due more to the presence of _________blank than to any other factor. Multiple Choice fibrin albumin sodium erythrocytes nitrogenous wastes

erythrocytes

Most oxygen is transported in the blood bound to _________blank. Multiple Choice the plasma membrane of erythrocytes alpha chains in hemoglobin beta chains in hemoglobin delta chains in hemoglobin heme groups in hemoglobin

heme groups in hemoglobin

Which of the following is the most superficial layer enclosing the heart? Multiple Choice Fibrous pericardium Visceral layer of the serous pericardium Endocardium Epicardium Parietal layer of the serous pericardium

Fibrous pericardium

Any abnormal cardiac rhythm is called a(n) _________blank. Multiple Choice ectopic focus sinus rhythm nodal rhythm heart block arrhythmia

arrhythmia

Which of the following is not a function of blood? Multiple Choice Transports a variety of nutrients Helps to stabilize the pH of extracellular fluids Participates in the initiation of blood clotting Produces plasma hormones Helps to regulate body temperature

Produces plasma hormones

Which of the following is not a hypothalamic hormone? Multiple Choice Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) Somatostatin Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

What is the most important force driving filtration at the arterial end of a capillary? Multiple Choice Oncotic pressure Tissue fluid colloid osmotic pressure Blood colloid osmotic pressure Interstitial hydrostatic pressure Blood hydrostatic pressure

Blood hydrostatic pressure

Which cells aid in the body's defense processes by secreting histamine and heparin? Multiple Choice Eosinophils Basophils Neutrophils Platelets Monocytes

Basophils

The volume of blood ejected by each ventricle in one minute is called the _________blank. Multiple Choice cardiac reserve preload afterload stroke volume cardiac output

cardiac output

The number of _________blank typically increases in response to bacterial infections. Multiple Choice basophils monocytes erythrocytes eosinophils neutrophils

neutrophils

The cessation of bleeding is specifically called _________blank. Multiple Choice a vascular spasm homeostasis hemostasis platelet plug formation coagulation

hemostasis

Mitral valve prolapse causes blood to leak back into the _________blank when the ventricles contract. Multiple Choice left atrium right atrium aorta pulmonary trunk pulmonary arteries

left atrium

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events leading to the polyuria and dehydration associated with diabetes mellitus? Multiple Choice Hyperglycemia → glucose in urine raises osmolarity of tubular fluid → glucose transport maximum exceeded → glucose enters renal tubules → osmotic diuresis Hyperglycemia → glucose enters renal tubules → glucose transport maximum exceeded → glucose in urine raises osmolarity of tubular fluid → osmotic diuresis Hyperglycemia → glucose enters renal tubules → glucose in urine raises osmolarity of tubular fluid → osmotic diuresis → glucose transport maximum exceeded Hyperglycemia → glucose transport maximum exceeded → glucose enters renal tubules → glucose in urine raises osmolarity of tubular fluid → osmotic diuresis Osmotic diuresis → glucose enters renal tubules → glucose transport maximum exceeded → glucose in urine raises osmolarity of tubular fluid → hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia → glucose enters renal tubules → glucose transport maximum exceeded → glucose in urine raises osmolarity of tubular fluid → osmotic diuresis

The nervous system reacts to stimuli _________blank compared to the endocrine system, adapts _________blank compared to the endocrine system, and has _________blank effects compared to the endocrine system. Multiple Choice slowly; slowly; widespread quickly; slowly; specific quickly; quickly; widespread quickly; quickly; specific slowly; quickly; specific

quickly; quickly; specific

The structural framework of a blood clot is formed by _________blank. Multiple Choice soluble fibrinogen soluble fibrin a fibrin polymer a fibrinogen polymer a thrombin polymer

a fibrin polymer

Any situation that upsets homeostasis and threatens one’s physical or emotional well-being is called _________blank. Multiple Choice stress pathology disease hyperthyroidism hirsuitism

stress

Parathyroid hormone promotes which of the following? Multiple Choice The resorption of calcium from bone Increased osteoblast activity Decreased absortion of calcium from the small intestine Increased calcium levels in the urine Decreased production of calcitriol (vitamin D) in the kidney

The resorption of calcium from bone

The _________blank secretes several hormones that stimulate the development of lymphatic organs and regulates development and activity of T cells. Multiple Choice thyroid thymus adrenal gland spleen parathyroid

thymus

The ability to ward off a specific infection or disease, usually as a result of prior exposure and the body's production of antibodies or lymphocytes against one pathogen, is called _________blank. Multiple Choice adaptive immunity nonspecific defense the first line of defense the second line of defense a natural barrier

adaptive immunity

Which of the following statements accurately describes the difference between cellular and humoral immunity? Multiple Choice Cellular immunity directly attacks pathogens and infected cells while humoral immunity releases antibodies to do so. Cellular immunity utilizes B lymphocytes while humoral immunity utilizes T lymphocytes. Cellular immunity produces antibodies while humoral immunity uses perforins. Cellular immunity attacks foreign or diseased cells whereas humoral immunity uses antibodies to defend against future exposures. Neither defends against bacteria.

Cellular immunity directly attacks pathogens and infected cells while humoral immunity releases antibodies to do so.

A severe and immediate local IgE reaction to an allergen within seconds of exposure is called _________blank. Multiple Choice anaphylaxis type-II hypersensitivity cell-mediated immunity type-III hypersensitivity immune complex hypersensitivity

anaphylaxis

Lymph is similar to blood plasma, but very low in __________blank. Multiple Choice protein carbon dioxide metabolic waste electrolytes sodium and potassium

protein

Immune surveillance is a process in which __________blank nonspecifically detect and destroy foreign cells and diseased host cells. Multiple Choice T lymphocytes (T cells) reticular cells dendritic cells macrophages natural killer (NK) cells

natural killer (NK) cells

T cells achieve immunocompetence in the __________blank. Multiple Choice bone marrow bloodstream spleen thymus liver

thymus

The __________blank show(s) a remarkable degree of degeneration (involution) with age. Multiple Choice lymph nodes thymus spleen pharyngeal tonsils appendix

thymus

Which of the following does(do) not belong to the second line of defense? Multiple Choice The macrophage system Natural killer cells Inflammation The gastric juices Interferon and the complement system

The gastric juices

__________blank lacks the capacity to remember a pathogen or react differently to it in the future, whereas __________blank utilizes memory cells to adapt to a given pathogen and ward it off more easily in the future. Multiple Choice Innate immunity; cytotoxicity Adaptive immunity; innate immunity A natural killer cell; a macrophage Innate immunity; adaptive immunity Natural immunity; artificial immunity

Innate immunity; adaptive immunity

Basophils of the blood help to get defensive leukocytes to the site quickly by releasing an anticoagulant called __________blank and a vasodilator called __________blank. Multiple Choice bradykinin; histamine selectin; prostaglandin histamine; heparin heparin; histamine prostaglandins; selectin

heparin; histamine

__________blank are secreted by cells infected with viruses, alerting neighboring cells and protecting them from becoming infected. Multiple Choice Complement system globulins Interferons Granzymes Pyrogens Perforins

Interferons

A pyrogen is a substance that causes __________blank. Multiple Choice inflammation opsonization complement fixation cytolysis fever

fever

__________blank is not a cardinal sign characteristic of inflammation. Multiple Choice Impaired use Redness Pain Heat Swelling

Impaired use

One characteristic of the immune response is specificity. This means that __________blank. Multiple Choice immunity starts in defined organs in the body immunity starts in specialized tissues in the body immunity is carried on by a specific group of cells of the immune system immunity is directed against a particular pathogen immunity is carried on by a specific group of tissues of the immune system

immunity is directed against a particular pathogen

Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity is effective against __________blank. Multiple Choice allergens venoms cancer cells extracellular viruses toxins

cancer cells

Vaccination stimulates __________blank immunity. Multiple Choice natural active artificial active natural passive artificial passive innate

artificial active

__________blank constitutes about 80% of circulating antibodies in plasma. Multiple Choice IgD IgE IgA IgM IgG

IgG

Helper T (TH) cells recognize antigens when they are bound to a(n) __________blank. Multiple Choice hapten immunoglobulin natural killer cell major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein basophil

major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein

Cytotoxic T (TC) cells are like natural killer (NK) cells because they both __________blank. Multiple Choice secrete interferons secrete granzymes and perforin participate in the immune response participate in innate immunity secrete tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

secrete granzymes and perforin

__________blank participate in both innate immunity and the immune response. Multiple Choice Memory T ( TM) cells Regulatory T ( TR) cells Natural killer (NK) cells Helper T ( TH) cells Cytotoxic T ( TC) cells

Helper T ( TH) cells

Which is the correct sequence of events in the humoral immune response? Multiple Choice Antigen recognition → antigen presentation → differentiation → clonal selection → attack Antigen recognition → antigen presentation → clonal selection → differentiation → attack Antigen presentation → antigen recognition → clonal selection → differentiation → attack Antigen presentation → antigen recognition → clonal selection → attack differentiation Antigen recognition → differentiation → antigen presentation → clonal selection → attack

Antigen recognition → antigen presentation → clonal selection → differentiation → attack

Antigen-presenting cells usually display processed antigens to T cells in the __________blank. Multiple Choice blood plasma lymph nodes thymus red bone marrow liver

lymph nodes

Before B cells secrete antibodies, they differentiate into __________blank. Multiple Choice stem cells antigen-presenting cells plasma cells T cells macrophages

plasma cells

Which of the following is something antibodies do not do? Multiple Choice Link antigen molecules together Neutralize antigens by binding to regions of an antigen that can be pathogenic Bind to enemy cells, thus changing their shape so their complement-binding sites are exposed Differentiate into memory antibodies, which upon reexposure to the same pathogen would mount a quicker attack Bind antigen molecules of two or more enemy cells and stick them together

Differentiate into memory antibodies, which upon reexposure to the same pathogen would mount a quicker attack

Bronchoconstriction, dyspnea, and widespread vasodilation are all characteristics of __________blank. Multiple Choice local anaphylaxis anaphylactic shock autoimmune disease an HIV infection AIDS

anaphylactic shock

An immediate and intense type I reaction that can be treated with antihistamines is characteristic of __________blank. Multiple Choice anaphylaxis anaphylactic shock autoimmune disease an HIV infection AIDS

anaphylaxis

Autoimmune diseases are disorders in which the immune system fails to distinguish __________blank from foreign ones. Multiple Choice self-immunoglobulins self-antibodies self-antigens self-interleukins self-complement proteins

self-antigens

Which of the following is not a function of the respiratory system? Multiple Choice Control of pH Promotes the flow of lymph and venous blood Helps regulate blood pressure Assists in the synthesis of vasodilators Aids in defecation

Assists in the synthesis of vasodilators

Which of the following is directly related to respiratory production of carbon dioxide? Multiple Choice Regulation of blood pressure The synthesis of vasodilators Aids in defecation Regulation of pH Regulation of body temperature

Regulation of pH

In a healthy person, which of the following will have the greatest influence on resistance to pulmonary airflow? Multiple Choice Atmospheric pressure Respiratory rate Bronchiole diameter Quantity of surfactant Contraction of the diaphragm

Bronchiole diameter

How is the vital capacity calculated? Multiple Choice Inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory volume Inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume Expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume Expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume Respiratory volume + tidal volume

Expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

Carbon dioxide is transported by all the following means except __________blank. Multiple Choice carbaminohemoglobin carbonic acid carbonate bicarbonate ions dissolved gas

carbonate

Tom is in respiratory arrest due to an electrical shock. Why does a good samaritan have up to 4 or 5 minutes to begin CPR and save Tom's life? Multiple Choice There is reserve oxygen in Tom's lungs. There is a venous reserve of oxygen in Tom's blood. The ambient PO2 can support life that long. The Haldane effect lasts up to 5 minutes. Tom's hypoxic drive will keep him alive for up to 5 minutes.

There is a venous reserve of oxygen in Tom's blood.

During exercise, which of the following directly increases respiratory rate? Multiple Choice Increased H+ level in the blood The Bohr effect Reduced blood pH Reduced oxyhemoglobin Anticipation of the needs of exercising muscle

Anticipation of the needs of exercising muscle

In the air we breathe, which gas is found in the highest concentration? Multiple Choice Oxygen Water vapor Nitrogen Carbon dioxide Hydrogen

Nitrogen

Each hemoglobin molecule can transport up to __________blank oxygen molecules. Multiple Choice 6 2 3 4 5

Normally, the systemic arterial blood has a PO2 of __________ mm Hg, a PCO2 of __________ mm Hg, and a pH of __________. Multiple Choice 40; 95; 7.4 95; 40; 7.4 7.4; 40; 95 95; 7.4; 40 40; 7.4; 95

95; 40; 7.4

Which of the following is the term for a deficiency of oxygen or the inability to utilize oxygen in a tissue? Multiple Choice Apoxia Hypoxia Anoxia Cyanosis Eupnea

Hypoxia

Which of the following would lead to anemic hypoxia? Multiple Choice Sickle-cell disease Emphysema Squamous-cell carcinoma Asthma Atelectasis

Sickle-cell disease

Which of the following is a lung disease marked by abnormally few but large alveoli? Multiple Choice Cor pulmonale Pulmonary hemosiderosis Emphysema Atelectasis Collapsed lung

Emphysema

The blood transports more CO2 CO 2 in the form of __________blank than in any other form. Multiple Choice carbaminohemoglobin carboxyhemoglobin bicarbonate ions dissolved CO2 gas bisphosphocarbonate

bicarbonate ions

If one inspires through their nose, which of the following answers has the correct order of structures the air would move through? Multiple Choice Nares → Vestibule → Nasal Cavity → Nasopharynx → Oropharynx → Laryngopharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Primary Bronchus → Secondary Bronchus → Tertiary Bronchus → Bronchiole → Terminal Bronchiole → Respiratory Bronchiole → Alveolar Duct → Alveolar Sac → Alveolus Nares → Nasal Cavity → Vestibule → Nasopharynx → Oropharynx → Laryngopharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Primary Bronchus → Secondary Bronchus → Tertiary Bronchus → Bronchiole → Terminal Bronchiole → Respiratory Bronchiole → Alveolar Duct → Alveolar Sac → Alveolus Nares → Vestibule → Nasal Cavity → Nasopharynx → Oropharynx → Laryngopharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Bronchiole → Respiratory Bronchiole → Terminal Bronchiole → Primary Bronchus → Secondary Bronchus → Tertiary Bronchus → Alveolar Duct → Alveolar Sac → Alveolus Nares → Nasal Cavity → Vestibule → Nasopharynx → Oropharynx → Laryngopharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Primary Bronchus → Secondary Bronchus → Tertiary Bronchus → Bronchiole → Respiratory Bronchiole → Terminal Bronchiole → Alveolar Duct → Alveolar Sac → Alveolus Nares → Nasal Sinuses → Laryngopharynx → Nasopharynx → Trachea → Larynx → Primary Bronchus → Secondary Bronchus → Tertiary Bronchus → Bronchiole → Terminal Bronchiole → Respiratory Bronchiole → Alveolar Sac → Alveolar Duct → Alveolus

Nares → Vestibule → Nasal Cavity → Nasopharynx → Oropharynx → Laryngopharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Primary Bronchus → Secondary Bronchus → Tertiary Bronchus → Bronchiole → Terminal Bronchiole → Respiratory Bronchiole → Alveolar Duct → Alveolar Sac → Alveolus

Which law states that the total atmospheric pressure is a sum of the contributions of the individual gases? Multiple Choice Henry's Charles's Boyle's Dalton's Newton's

Dalton's

What is the least common but most dangerous form of lung cancer? Multiple Choice Mesothelioma Adenocarcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma Small-cell carcinoma Basal cell carcinoma

Small-cell carcinoma

The __________blank is not an organ of the urinary system. Multiple Choice urethra liver ureter urinary bladder kidney

liver

Which of the following is not a function of the kidneys? Multiple Choice They regulate osmolarity of the body fluids. They fight osteoporosis by synthesizing vitamin D. They help control blood pressure. They release a majority of wastes into the bloodstream. They indirectly increase oxyhemoglobin.

They release a majority of wastes into the bloodstream.

A by-product of protein catabolism, __________blank constitutes approximately one-half of all nitrogenous waste. Multiple Choice urea creatinine uric acid azotemia ammonia

urea

Which organ system excretes nitrogenous wastes? Multiple Choice The urinary system The cardiovascular system The integumentary system The digestive system The respiratory system

The urinary system

Blood plasma is filtered in the __________blank. Multiple Choice renal tubule renal corpuscle renal capsule renal column renal calyx

renal corpuscle

Which of the following form the inner layer of the glomerular capsule and wrap around the capillaries of the glomerulus? Multiple Choice Macula densa cells Mesangial cells Nephrocytes Podocytes Monocytes

Podocytes

Cortical nephrons can be distinguished from juxtamedullary nephrons by __________blank. Multiple Choice their location within the renal cortex their filtration rate whether they drain into a collecting duct or directly into the renal pelvis the size of their renal corpuscle which molecules can pass through their filtration membrane

their location within the renal cortex

In a healthy kidney, very little __________blank is filtered by the glomerulus. Multiple Choice amino acids electrolytes glucose vitamins protein

protein

Renin hydrolyzes angiotensinogen, which is released from the __________blank, to form angiotensin I. Multiple Choice lungs kidneys liver heart spleen

liver

Which of the following would reduce the glomerular filtration rate? Multiple Choice Vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole A drop in oncotic pressure Vasodilation of the afferent arteriole Vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole An increase in osmotic pressure in the glomerular capsule

Vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole

The mechanism of stabilizing the GFR based on the tendency of smooth muscle to contract when stretched is known as __________blank. Multiple Choice renal autoregulation the myogenic mechanism tubuloglomerular feedback sympathetic control the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

the myogenic mechanism

In response to a drop in overall blood pressure, __________blank stimulates constriction of the glomerular inlet and even greater constriction of the outlet. Multiple Choice azotemia sodium chloride parathyroid hormone aldosterone angiotensin II

angiotensin II

Which of the following induces renin secretion, constricts afferent arterioles, and reduces GFR and urine volume? Multiple Choice Aldosterone Antidiuretic hormone Parathyroid hormone Norepinephrine Angiotensin II

Norepinephrine

Hypocalcemia stimulates __________blank. Multiple Choice a decrease in aldosterone production secretion of parathyroid hormone secretion of renin an increase in blood urea nitrogen vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles

secretion of parathyroid hormone

Natriuretic peptide inhibits __________blank reabsorption by the collecting duct, which __________blank urine output. Multiple Choice K+ ; increases NaCl; decreases NaCl; increases K+ ; decreases Ca2+ ; increases

NaCl; increases

Loop diuretics reduce body water content by acting on the __________blank. Multiple Choice feedback loop between the kidney and posterior pituitary gland countercurrent multiplier system countercurrent exchanger system aquaporins of the collecting duct thirst mechanism and water intake

countercurrent multiplier system

Aldosterone acts on the __________blank. Multiple Choice proximal convoluted tubule medullary portion of the collecting duct descending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle) distal convoluted tubule glomerulus

distal convoluted tubule

Which of the following is a direct result of antidiuretic hormone? Multiple Choice Decreased urine volume Decreased urine molarity Increased urine volume Increased urine salinity Increased urine acidity

Decreased urine volume

Which of the following does not contribute to water conservation? Multiple Choice The collecting duct The countercurrent multiplier The countercurrent exchange system Diuretics The length of the nephrons

Diuretics

Normal urine from a healthy person should not contain __________blank. Multiple Choice creatinine urobilin glucose ammonia magnesium

glucose

To meet the definition of polyuria, the minimum daily output of urine is __________blank. Multiple Choice 0.5 L 1.0 L 1.5 L 2.0 L 3.0 L

2.0 L

Prior to chemical tests for glycosuria, clinicians checked for sweetness of the urine as a sign of __________blank. Multiple Choice diabetes insipidus acute glomerulonephritis diabetes mellitus renal calculus pyelitis

diabetes mellitus

A patient enters a hospital after a motorcycle accident. He complains of mid-back pain. X-rays reveal both rib and pelvic fractures. His emergency room examination includes urinalysis. Which of the following findings from the urinalysis would most likely suggest trauma to the kidneys from the accident, but not to the urinary bladder? Multiple Choice Pyuria Hematuria Albuminuria Uremia Phenylketonuria

Albuminuria

Micturition is another term for __________blank. Multiple Choice the production of nitrogenous wastes glomerular filtration the countercurrent multiplier process inflammation of the urinary bladder the elimination of urine

the elimination of urine

What determines osmosis from one fluid compartment to another? Multiple Choice The temperature difference between compartments The relative concentration of solutes in each compartment The relative volume in each compartment The relative size of each compartment The blood pressure

The relative concentration of solutes in each compartment

In which compartment would fluid accumulate in edema? Multiple Choice Intracellular fluid Transcellular fluid Tissue (interstitial) fluid Blood plasma Lymph

Tissue (interstitial) fluid

Most body water intake is from __________blank, whereas most body water lost is via __________blank. Multiple Choice metabolic water; cutaneous transpiration metabolic water; sweat drinking; cutaneous transpiration and expired air drinking; urine drinking; radiation

drinking; urine

What is the function of antidiuretic hormone? Multiple Choice It stimulates angiotensin II secretion. It promotes water conservation. It stimulates hypothalamic osmoreceptors. It inhibits salivation and thirst. It targets the cerebral cortex.

It promotes water conservation.

Water output is largely controlled by varying __________blank. Multiple Choice metabolic water production sweating cutaneous transpiration drinking urine volume

urine volume

Which of the following occurs when blood volume and pressure become too high? Multiple Choice ADH release is inhibited. ADH release is stimulated. The renal tubules reabsorb more water. The renal tubules reabsorb more sodium. The kidneys produce less urine.

ADH release is inhibited.

In response to dehydration, osmoreceptors stimulate the secretion of __________blank. Multiple Choice ADH calcitonin ANP sodium ions bicarbonate ions

ADH

A hemorrhage results in which of the following? Multiple Choice A decrease in water volume without significantly affecting the osmolarity A decrease in water volume and an increase in osmolarity A decrease in water volume and a decrease in osmolarity An increase in ECF volume but a decrease in ICF volume A decrease in ECF volume but an increase ICF volume

A decrease in water volume without significantly affecting the osmolarity

What is the principal cation of the ECF? Multiple Choice Ca2+ Cl− K+ Na+ Pi

Na+

What is the function of aldosterone? Multiple Choice It increases both Na+ and K+ reabsorption. It increases both Na+and K+ secretion. It increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion. It reduces Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion. It causes the urine to be more diluted.

It increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion.

Hypernatremia is a plasma __________blank concentration above normal. Multiple Choice Ca2+ Na+ K+ Cl− Pi

Na+

Which of the following is not caused by hypernatremia? Multiple Choice Water retention Edema Hypertension Interstitial fluid accumulation A reduction in plasma volume

A reduction in plasma volume

Women have a tendency to retain water during part of the menstrual cycle because estrogen mimics the action of what? Multiple Choice ADH Aldosterone Natriuretic peptide Oxytocin Prolactin

Aldosterone

What is the most abundant cation in the ICF? Multiple Choice Ca2+ Na+ K+ Cl− Pi

K+

Which of the following occurs with hypokalemia? Multiple Choice Cells are partially depolarized. There is more diffusion of potassium into the cells. Cells are more excitable. The resting membrane potential is more positive. Cells are hyperpolarized.

Cells are hyperpolarized.

Which of the following is not a role of calcium in the body? Multiple Choice It participates in muscle contraction. It is a significant component of nucleic acids. They serve as second messengers. It activates exocytosis. It is important in blood clotting.

It is a significant component of nucleic acids.

How is calcium concentration in the body regulated? Multiple Choice By hormones By sodium and calcium concentrations in the plasma By chloride and phosphate concentrations in the plasma By the parasympathetic nervous system By the sympathetic nervous system

By hormones

What is the normal pH of tissue fluid? Multiple Choice 6.95 - 7.05 7.05 - 7.15 7.15 - 7.25 7.25 - 7.35 7.35 - 7.45

7.35 - 7.45

What are the major chemical buffer systems of the body? Multiple Choice The urinary and respiratory The urinary and digestive The bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein The bicarbonate, nucleic acids, and protein The bicarbonate, phosphate, and nitrate

The bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein

What protein is the most important buffer in blood plasma? Multiple Choice Fibrinogen Albumin Alpha globulin Gamma globulin Transferrin

Albumin

The bicarbonate buffer system would not work very well in the human body if not for the action of the respiratory system, which __________blank. Multiple Choice supplies the buffer system with CO2 supplies the buffer system with O2 expels HCO3− produced by the buffer system expels H+ produced by the buffer system expels CO2 produced by the buffer system

expels CO2 produced by the buffer system

Acidosis has what effect on the resting membrane potential of nerve cells? Multiple Choice It causes repolarization. It causes depolarization below threshold. It causes hyperpolarization. It causes depolarization above threshold. It has no effect.

It causes hyperpolarization.

How do the kidneys compensate respiratory acidosis? Multiple Choice By secreting more bicarbonate ions By secreting more hydrogen ions By secreting more sodium ions By reabsorbing more hydrogen ions By reabsorbing more ammonia

By secreting more hydrogen ions

Breathing into and out of a paper bag for a long period of time will lead to __________blank. Multiple Choice metabolic alkalosis metabolic acidosis urinary alkalosis urinary acidosis respiratory acidosis

respiratory acidosis

An excessive intake of antacids can lead to which of the following? Multiple Choice Metabolic alkalosis Metabolic acidosis Respiratory alkalosis Respiratory acidosis Digestive alkalosis

Metabolic alkalosis

Chronic vomiting can lead to which of the following? Multiple Choice Metabolic acidosis Metabolic alkalosis Respiratory alkalosis Respiratory acidosis Lymphatic alkalosis

Metabolic alkalosis

Emphysema can lead to which of the following? Multiple Choice Metabolic acidosis Metabolic alkalosis Respiratory alkalosis Respiratory acidosis Digestive alkalosis

Respiratory acidosis

A patient suffering from diabetic acidosis would display which of the following compensatory symptoms? Multiple Choice Hyperventilation Hypoventilation Decreased H+ secretion by the kidneys Decreased ammonia secretion by the kidneys Increased glucose production in the kidneys.

Hyperventilation

Final Exam Flashcards

(194 cards)