Final Exam

Question 1

What are the functions of hormones?

Answer 1

Chemical messengers that coordinate different functions I’m the body

Question 2

What is the neuroendocrine system

Answer 2

When the nervous system (fast but short) works together with the (low and powerful) endocrine system

Question 3

How are hormones circulated through the body? Local vs circulating

Answer 3

Local: acts in neighboring cells or in the same cell that secretes it

Circulating: goes the rough the interstitial fluid into the bloodstream to the target cell

Question 4

Define endocrine glands and tissues

Answer 4

Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the blood stream and endocrine tissues contain those glands

Question 5

How does the mechanism for transport differ for lipid v water soluble hormones?

Answer 5

Water- circulate freely in the plasma, unattached to transport proteins

Lipids- bind to transport proteins to be carried in the blood

Question 6

First and second messenger systems

Answer 6

First messenger are the hormones
Second messenger are the hormone receptors

Question 7

How are hormones regulated?

Answer 7

Up-regulation: increases the number of surface receptors due to a decrease in hormone receptors

Down-regulation: decreasing receptors in an abundance of hormones

Question 8

The three hormone interactions

Answer 8

Permissive: 2 hormones are present
Synergistic: multiple hormones work together
Antagonistic: hormones oppose each other

Question 9

growth hormone (GH)
Produced
Targets
Functions

Answer 9

Hypothalamus
Regulates protein synthesis and cellular replication

Question 10

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

Produced
Targets
Functions

Answer 10

Hypothalamus
Stimulates the release of gonadotropin

Question 11

Oxytocin

Produced
Targets
Functions

Answer 11

Hypothalamus
Womb contraction during childbirth
Lactation
Emotional responses
Social behavior

Question 12

Prolactin

Produced
Targets
Functions

Answer 12

Hypothalamus
Milk production and dev of mammary glad

Question 13

Vasopressin

Produced
Targets
Functions

Answer 13

Hypothalamus
Decreases water excretion by the kidneys

Question 14

growth hormone releasing hormone

Answer 14

Hypothalamus
Controls the pituitary glands release of growth hormones

Question 15

Growth hormone (somatotrophic cells)

Answer 15

Ant. Pituitary
Stimulates general body growth and regulates metabolism

Question 16

Thyroid stimulating hormone (thyrotrophic)

Answer 16

Ant. Pituitary
Controls secretion in the thyroid

Question 17

Follicle stimulating hormone
+ Luteinizing hormone

Answer 17

Ant. Pituitary
(Gonadotrophic)
In men
Stimulates sperm production
Testosterone
In women
Stimulates ovaries to mature oocytes
Secretes estrogen and progesterone

Question 18

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone

Answer 18

Ant. Pituitary
Stimulates suprerenal Cortex to secrete glucocorticoids such as cortisol

Question 19

Thyroxine (T4)

Answer 19

Thyroid gland
Controls calorie burn rate

Question 20

Triiodothyronine (T3)

Answer 20

Thyroid
Helps maintain muscle control, brain function and development, and heart and digestive functions

Question 21

Calcitonin

Answer 21

Thyroid
Helps regulate calcium levels by reducing the amount in blood

Question 22

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Answer 22

Parathyroid gland
Stimulates osteoclast to release calcium into blood

Question 23

Cortisol

Answer 23

Adrenal
Regulates stress response

Question 24

Aldosterone

Answer 24

Adrenal
Regulates BP by managing sodium and potassium levels in blood

Question 25

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Answer 25

Pancreas Enhances effects of sympathetic nervous system during stress

Question 26

Glucagon(alpha cells)

Answer 26

Pancreas Raises blood glucose levels by breaking down glycogen into glucose and converting other nutrients into glucose in the liver and releasing it into the blood

Question 27

Insulin (beta cells)

Answer 27

Pancreas Lowers blood glucose by accelerating transport of glucose into cells converting glucose into glycogen. Stimulates protein synthesis

Question 28

Somatostatin

Answer 28

Pancreas Inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon. Slows absorption of nutrients from digestive canal

Question 29

Pancreatic polypeptide

Answer 29

Pancreas Inhibits somatostatin secretion, gallbladder contraction and secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes

Question 30

Estrogen + progesterone

Answer 30

Ovaries Regulates female reproductive cycle, maintain pregnancy, development of secondary sex characteristic

Question 31

Relaxin

Answer 31

Ovaries Increases flexibility of build symphysis during pregnancy and helps dilate uterine cervix during labor

Question 32

Inhibin

Answer 32

Inhibits secretion of FSH from A.P

Question 33

Testosterone

Answer 33

Testes Regulates sperm production, maintains secondary sex characteristics

Question 34

What is the difference in function between the right and left side of the heart

Answer 34

Right: pumps oxygen poor blood to the lungs Left: pumps oxygen rich blood to the body

Question 35

Systole vs diastole

Answer 35

Systole: Ventricular contraction/ ejection Diastole: relaxing of the ventricles (filling)

Question 36

Define: Cardiac output

Answer 36

Heart rate BPM + stroke volume

Question 37

Define: Stroke volume

Answer 37

Blood ejected during contraction or each stroke of the heart

Question 38

Define: Preload

Answer 38

Amount of blood in your body ventricles at rest

Question 39

Define: Contractility

Answer 39

Ability for the heart to spring back

Question 40

Define: after load

Answer 40

Amount of pressure needed to eject blood from the heart