Final Exam

Question 1

What is calculus formed through?

Answer 1

oral biofilm formation

Question 2

Where does mineralization occur?

Answer 2

matrix

Question 3

How soon does mineralization begin?

Answer 3

24 to 48 hours

Question 4

What are the 4 crystal forms of calcium phosphate?

Answer 4

hydroxyapatite, ocatacalcium phosphate, whitlockite, and brushite

Question 5

What percent of calculus is made of inorganic components?

Answer 5

75-85%

Question 6

above free gingival margin, exposed roots, and attached gingiva

Answer 6

supra calculus

Question 7

below free gingival margin, mineral source: crevicular fluid, inflammatory exudate

Answer 7

subgingival calculus

Question 8

the presence and distribution of plaque that is used to elevate level and rate of formation of plaque on teeth

Answer 8

plaque index

Question 9

What is moved through an ultrasonic causing the tip to vibrate?

Answer 9

compressed air

Question 10

What flows through an ultrasonic to dissipate heat?

Answer 10

water

Question 11

How many cycles per second travel through an ultrasonic?

Answer 11

18,000 to 50,000 cycles per second

Question 12

production of minute bubbles

Answer 12

cavitation

Question 13

pressure produced

Answer 13

acoustic turbulence

Question 14

results in flushing action

Answer 14

fluid lavage

Question 15

What are the two main types of ultrasonics?

Answer 15

magnetostrictive and peizoelectric

Question 16

ultrasonic type which moves in linear motion for tip

Answer 16

piezoelectric

Question 17

ultrasonic type which moves in elliptical or orbital tip motion

Answer 17

magnetostrictive

Question 18

What are the contraindications for ultrasonic and air polsishing?

Answer 18

communicable disease
high susceptibility to infection
respiratory risk/disease
unshielded pacemaker
difficulty swallowing or prone to gagging
age-including primary or newly erupted teeth
oral conditions
has restorations or titanium implants

Question 19

What type of restorations should you avoid air polishing?

Answer 19

amalgam alloy, composite, porcelain/gold/glass ionomer restorations, sapphire/pure titanium implants

Question 20

help keep the oral cavity in good health and also halt the progression of gum disease or gingivitis while eliminating bad bacteria

Answer 20

goals of oral hygiene prophylaxis

Question 21

What are the parts of a rubber cup tooth polishing?

Answer 21

low speed handpiece, prophy angle + rubber cup and bristle brush, prophy paste

Question 22

What is the effect of rubber cup polishing?

Answer 22

removal of extrinsic stain

Question 23

What grits are used during a prophylaxis?

Answer 23

fine, medium, coarse, extra course

Question 24

What type of grit is used during a normal cleaning?

Answer 24

medium

Question 25

What types of restorations cannot be used with coarse grit paste?

Answer 25

composite or porcelain

Question 26

What type of grit should be used on children or composite restorations?

Answer 26

fine

Question 27

What type of stain does air polishing remove?

Answer 27

extrinsic

Question 28

What type of patient cannot accept the usage of air polishing?

Answer 28

those with respiratory disease

Question 29

What are the indications for sodium bicarbonate air polishing?

Answer 29

supra and ortho

Question 30

What are the indications for calcium carbonate air polishing?

Answer 30

supra and defects in intact enamel

Question 31

What are the indications for aluminum trihydroxide air polishing?

Answer 31

supra

Question 32

What are the indications for calcium sodium phosphosilicate air polishing?

Answer 32

supra and dental sensitivity

Question 33

What is the best options of air polishing?

Answer 33

glycine or erythritol

Question 34

What are the indications for glycine air polishing?

Answer 34

sub and supragingival, safe on gingiva and mucosa, safe for implants and ortho, perceived to be more comfortable than other powders

Question 35

What are the indications for erythritol air polishing?

Answer 35

sub and supra gingival, safe for implants and ortho, least abrasive, perceived to be more comfortable than other powders

Question 36

What should you not polish because of the abrasiveness?

Answer 36

dental implants

Question 37

How many times a year is fluoride typically applied?

Answer 37

2-4 times a year

Question 38

What are the types of fluoride?

Answer 38

sodium fluoride, sodium monofluorophosphate, stannous fluoride, fluoride gel, fluoride varnish

Question 39

What is sodium fluoride?

Answer 39

mouthwash, 220 ppm

Question 40

When is fluoride gel used?

Answer 40

high caries

Question 41

What type of fluoride is recommended for children?

Answer 41

fluoride varnish

Question 42

deep cleaning involving removal of plaque and calculus to stop gum disease below the gumline

Answer 42

root debridement + planing

Question 43

What are the goals of root debridement + planing?

Answer 43

arrest infection, return tissue to health by eliminating deposit, reduce biofilm in pocket, and dental therapeutic interventions

Question 44

How long does the healing process after root debridement take?

Answer 44

1-2 weeks

Question 45

Where does infection begin?

Answer 45

gums and bone surrounding teeth

Question 46

What are the strokes used during calculus removal?

Answer 46

short, controlled biting strokes with moderate pressure

Question 47

What is the stroke used during root debridement beyond the root surface

Answer 47

cutting edge against cementum with short, light pressure strokes

Question 48

What are the strokes used during root planing only on the root?

Answer 48

only where there is calculus with moderate to light pull stroke to smooth root surface

Question 49

What degree is used for angulation of insertion?

Answer 49

0-40 degrees

Question 50

What angle is used for angulation for calculus removal?

Answer 50

60-80 degrees

Question 51

What are signs of inflammation?

Answer 51

erythema(red), edema(swelling), heat, pain, loss of function

Question 52

What are signs of health?

Answer 52

pale pink, uniform, pigmented/melanin firm, resilient <10 % bleeding smooth free gingiva attached gingiva stippled, use air to detect knife edged margins papillae is pointed and pyramidal 1-3 mm PD

Question 53

What are signs of diseased oral status?

Answer 53

mild or moderate redness, bright, dark, cyanotic deep inflammation in smoker soft, spongey, dents easily smooth, shiny, loss of stippling > 10 % bleeding fibrotic, nodular, hyperkeratotic rounded, rolled, bulbous margins bulbous or flat 4+ PD

Question 54

What is normal body temperate?

Answer 54

normal: 98.6 - range is 96.0 to 99.5

Question 55

hyperthermia temperature

Answer 55

over 105.8

Question 56

hypothermia temperature

Answer 56

below 96.0

Question 57

normal pulse range

Answer 57

60-100 bpm

Question 58

avg pulse

Answer 58

80 bpm

Question 59

normal pulse of 2 year old

Answer 59

105 bpm

Question 60

normal pulse of 4 year old

Answer 60

90 bpm

Question 61

normal pulse of 10 year old

Answer 61

70 bpm

Question 62

tachycardia

Answer 62

beats over 100 bpm

Question 63

bradycardia

Answer 63

beats below 50 bpm

Question 64

normal respiratory rate

Answer 64

12-20

Question 65

normal respiration for 2 year old

Answer 65

25 rpm

Question 66

normal respiration for 8 year old

Answer 66

20 rpm

Question 67

normal respiration for 15 year old

Answer 67

18 rpm

Question 68

normal blood pressure

Answer 68

<120/80 mmHg

Question 69

prehypertension

Answer 69

120-130/80

Question 70

stage 1 hypertension

Answer 70

130-140/80-90

Question 71

stage 2 hypertension

Answer 71

140-180+/90-120+

Question 72

When fermentable carbs interact with oral biofilm, what is produced?

Answer 72

acid

Question 73

What are three types of sugar alcohols?

Answer 73

sorbitol, xylitol, and mannitol

Question 74

What are two types of simple carbs?

Answer 74

fructose and galactose

Question 75

What are three types of complex carbs?

Answer 75

starch, glucose polymers, and glycogen

Question 76

What is the main function of proteins?

Answer 76

supply energy

Question 77

What are the functions of vitamins?

Answer 77

regulates metabolism and assist in forming body tissues

Question 78

this vitamin is essential for proper vision, would healing, and cancer prevention; soft tissue and bone growth, ameloblast formation; enamel hypoplasia

Answer 78

vitamin a

Question 79

this vitamin may also be called the sunshine vitamin, it forms in the presence of ultraviolet light, and is important for calcification of bone and perio health

Answer 79

vitamin d

Question 80

this vitamin is produced by microorganisms in intestinal tract; it is the formation of prothrombin (clotting factor)

Answer 80

vitamin k

Question 81

this vitamin protects red blood cells, helps vitamin a and c, reproduction and membrane stability, immune function, reduce cancer risk, reduce cataracts, and reduce parkinson and alzheimers disease

Answer 81

vitamin e

Question 82

loss of consciousness that is a symptom of a lack of brain oxygen

Answer 82

syncope

Question 83

What are the types of syncope?

Answer 83

psychogenic and non-psychogenic

Question 84

What position should you put someone in if they are unconscious?

Answer 84

supine except if they are pregnant

Question 85

What are the five non-injectable emergency drugs?

Answer 85

oxygen, nitroglycerine, bronchodilators, anti-hypoglycemics, and aspirin 81 mg

Question 86

What are the three risk factors for unconsciousness?

Answer 86

stress (psychogenic), ASA status III or IV, and use of drugs

Question 87

What salts make up calculus?

Answer 87

calcium and phosphate

Question 88

Does calculus cause periodontal disease?

Answer 88

no