Final Exam

Question 1

grapheme

Answer 1

alphabet letter

Question 2

phoneme

Answer 2

speech sound

Question 3

IPA

Answer 3

International Phonetic Alphabet

Question 4

allograph

Answer 4

graphemes that represent a phoneme

Question 5

allophone

Answer 5

variant of the phoneme (ex: frontal lisp)

Question 6

cognate pairs

Answer 6

two consonants with the same place & matter but different voicing

Question 7

minimal pairs

Answer 7

two words only ONE sound changes

Question 8

open v closed syllable

Answer 8

open: vowel sound
closed: consonant sound

Question 9

homorganic consonants

Answer 9

same placement

Question 10

weak syllable deletion

Answer 10

omission of weak (unstressed) syllable in a word

Question 11

final consonant deletion

Answer 11

omission of a single consonant at the end of a word (not a blend)

Question 12

reduplication

Answer 12

repetition of a syllable

Question 13

consonant cluster reduction

Answer 13

deletion of 1 or more consonants from a 2 or 3 part consonant cluster

Question 14

stopping

Answer 14

stop consonant replaces a fricative or affricate

Question 15

fronting

Answer 15

velar sound is replaced by a front sound (t/g, d/g, n/ng)

Question 16

gliding

Answer 16

substitution of a glide sound for a liquid sound

Question 17

vowelization/vocalization

Answer 17

substitution of another consonant & final blend liquids

Question 18

deaffrication

Answer 18

substitution of another consonant for an affricate

Question 19

labial assimilation

Answer 19

non-labial sound in a word is changed to a labial sound /b,p,m,f,v/ because of another labial sound in the word

Question 20

alveolar assimilation

Answer 20

non-alveolar sound in a word is changed to an alveolar sound /t,d,s,z,n,l/ because of another alveolar sound in the word

Question 21

velar assimilation

Answer 21

non-velar sound in a word is changed to a velar sound /k,g,ng/ because of another velar sound in the word

Question 22

devoicing

Answer 22

voiceless sound becomes a voiced sound

Question 23

backing

Answer 23

substitution of a velar stop for consonants more anterior in oral cavity (t–>k, d–>g, n–>ng)

Question 24

initial consonant deletion

Answer 24

omission of a single consonant at the beginning of the word (not in a blend)

Question 24

glottal replacement

Answer 24

substitution of a glottal stop for another consonant

Question 25

natural phonology theory

Answer 25

theory that all children are born with innate processes needed for speech

Question 25

phonological processes

Answer 25

simplifications of speech

Question 26

citation form

Answer 26

when a word is pronounced carefully as a single item

Question 27

connected speech

Answer 27

joining two or more words together in the creation of an utterance; phonetic identity of words often changes

Question 28

coarticulation

Answer 28

overlapping of the articulators during speech; not enough time in speech to produce all sounds

Question 29

assimilation

Answer 29

phonemes take on characteristics of neighboring phonemes- results from coarticulation

Question 30

elision

Answer 30

omission of a phoneme in a word during speech (camera, camra)

Question 31

epenthesis

Answer 31

addition of a phoneme in a word during speech

Question 32

metathesis

Answer 32

transposing sounds in a word; typically two adjacent sounds in that transpose (ask aks)

Question 33

vowel reduction

Answer 33

full vowel changes to a central vowels schwa or schwar as a result of connected speech

Question 34

primary stress

Answer 34

the one syllable in a word that sticks out the most

Question 35

sentence stress

Answer 35

the pattern of stressed and unstressed words across a sentence, changes related to speaker's intent

Question 36

inotation

Answer 36

modifications of voice pitch

Question 37

tempo

Answer 37

durational aspect of connected speech, timing duration rate pausing juncture, longer duration for vowels & approx.

Question 38

juncture

Answer 38

external: pause that connects two intonation phrases open internal: pause between syllables closed internal: no pause between syllables

Question 39

diacritics

Answer 39

a sign, such as an accent or cedilla, which when written above or below a letter indicates a difference in pronunciation from the same letter when unmarked or differently marked

Question 40

content words

Answer 40

words that have meaning

Question 41

function words

Answer 41

words that exist to explain or create grammatical or structural relationships into which the content words may fit. Words like "of," "the," "to,"

Question 42

given information

Answer 42

information that is assumed by the speaker to be known to, assumed by, or inferable by the addressee at the time of the speaker's utterance, because its common knowledge

Question 43

new information

Answer 43

information that is assumed by the speaker not. to be known to or assumed by the addressee, or. previously established in the discourse

Question 44

suprasegmental

Answer 44

speech features such as tone, rhythm, or loudness – basically anything that isn't a standalone sound