Final Exam

Question 1

Eicosanoids are synthesized from

Answer 1

Arachidonic acid

Question 2

Which type of hormone requires a carrier protein in the blood?

Answer 2

Lipid Soluble hormone

Question 3

Damage to the liver might impair enzymatic degradation of some hormones. The levels of such hormones in the blood would therefore be expected to

Answer 3

Increase

Question 4

Lipid soluble hormones, such as progesterone, exert their effects by forming hormone-receptor complexes that

Answer 4

bind to DNA and initiate transcription

Question 5

Intracellular signaling pathways within target cells are organized such that

Answer 5

each step allows for amplification of the signal where one molecule can activate many

Question 6

Reduced hormone concentration in the blood often causes target cells to

Answer 6

up-regulate receptors in order to increase cell sensitivity

Question 7

Glucagon and insulin work ___ on blood glucose levels

Answer 7

antagonistically

Question 8

Within the infundibulum, the axons from neurons extending into the posterior pituitary are known as the

Answer 8

hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

Question 9

Which lobe of the pituitary is larger and secretes more hormones?

Answer 9

Anterior pituitary

Question 10

The hormone oxytocin is synthesized in the

Answer 10

paraventricular nucleus

Question 11

The two hormones released from the posterior pituitary are

Answer 11

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

Question 12

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone is secreted by the

Answer 12

hypothalamus and it increase release of thyroid-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary

Question 13

The hypothalamic hormone that triggers the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is

Answer 13

corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

Question 14

The primary function of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is to

Answer 14

stimulate glucocorticoid release from the adrenal glands.

Question 15

Which hormones are collectively called the gonadotropins?

Answer 15

Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

Question 16

Exercise causes a(n) _______ in growth hormone (GH) levels; a rise in amino acid levels or decrease in glucose levels causes a(n) ________ in GH levels.

Answer 16

increase, increase

Question 17

Thyroid hormone synthesis involves secretion of a glycoprotein called ___________ by the follicular cells.

Answer 17

thyroglobulin

Question 18

Thyroid hormone’s effects are to

Answer 18

increase metabolic rate and body temperature by increasing protein synthesis in target cells.

Question 19

Which region of the adrenal cortex synthesizes glucocorticoids?

Answer 19

Zona fasciculata

Question 20

In most of its target cells, cortisol ________ glucose uptake and _______ protein metabolism.

Answer 20

decreases, increases

Question 21

Which hormone induces its target cells to take up glucose, thereby lowering blood glucose levels?

Answer 21

Insulin

Question 22

In response to high blood glucose, the pancreas releases insulin to enable glucose to enter body cells. When the blood glucose level returns to normal, insulin release stops. This is an example of regulation by

Answer 22

negative feedback

Question 23

The hormone that increases the rate of glycogen breakdown and glucose release by the liver is

Answer 23

Glucagon

Question 24

Insulin causes a(n) _______ in glycogenesis in the liver and a(n) _______ in lipogenesis in adipose.

Answer 24

increase;increase

Question 25

Which hormone is secreted by the pineal gland?

Answer 25

Melatonin

Question 26

Which term best describes the function of blood when considering the presence of leukocytes and antibodies?

Answer 26

Protection

Question 27

Blood plasma is slightly _______; if pH drifts out of the normal range, dire consequences can result from alterations in the structure of _______ .

Answer 27

basic, proteins

Question 28

Typically, an adult's body contains ___ of blood.

Answer 28

5 liters

Question 29

The "buffy coat" in a centrifuged blood sample is composed of

Answer 29

platelets and luekocytes

Question 30

Plasma makes up about ___ percent of a centrifuged sample of whole blood

Answer 30

55

Question 31

The most numerous of the formed elements are the

Answer 31

erythrocytes

Question 32

A malnourished person might have abnormally low levels of plasma proteins. As a result, colloid osmotic pressure

Answer 32

decreases, and there is fluid retention in the interstitial space.

Question 33

The smallest and most abundant of plasma proteins are the

Answer 33

albumins

Question 34

Beta-globulins transport ________, whereas gamma-globulins are ________.

Answer 34

iron ions, antibodies

Question 35

The hemoglobin found in erythrocytes is able to chemically attach

Answer 35

both oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Question 36

Extensions from megakaryocytes that extend through blood vessel walls in red marrow are sliced off from the cells by the force of blood flow. These extensions are

Answer 36

proplatelets.

Question 37

The life span of an erythrocyte is about _________ days

Answer 37

120

Question 38

Old erythrocytes are phagocytized in the

Answer 38

liver and spleen

Question 39

Which events occur during the recycling of aged or damaged erythrocytes? (Order is not important.) a: The heme group is converted into biliverdin. b: Bilirubin is placed in long-term storage in the liver. c: The iron ions in hemoglobin are removed. d: The iron ions are stored in the liver. e: The iron ions are stored in the red bone marrow. f: Membrane proteins and globin proteins are broken down and reused. g: The erythrocyte contents, excluding the globins, are excreted unchanged via the digestive tract.

Answer 39

a, c, d, f

Question 40

Which are characteristics of type O blood? a: Has anti-A antibodies b: Has anti-B antibodies c: Has surface antigen O on its erythrocytes d: Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes e: Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes

Answer 40

a, b, e

Question 41

Which are characteristic of type A blood? a: Has anti-A antibodies b: Has anti-B antibodies c: Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes d: Has surface antigen B on its erythrocytes e: Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes f: Will agglutinate with blood type B

Answer 41

b, c, f

Question 42

Which leukocytes are granulocytes? a: Neutrophils b: Eosinophils c: Lymphocytes d: Monocytes e: Basophils f: Erythrocytes

Answer 42

a, b, e

Question 43

When trying to diagnose an infection that alters the percentages of leukocyte types found in the blood, it is useful for clinicians to perform

Answer 43

a white blood cell differential count

Question 44

The first phase of hemostasis is

Answer 44

Vascular spasm