Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

A&PII > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

(99 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Graves’ disease

A

Autoimmune disorder involving the formation of auto antibodies that mimic TSH. The antibodies bind to TSH receptors on the follicular cells of the thyroid, causing an abnormally high level of TH release. Same symptoms as hyperthyroidism(>metabolism,weight loss, hyperactivity, heat intolerance) plus bulging eyes known as exophthalmos. Treated by removing thyroid or radioactive iodine injections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cushing syndrome

A

Abnormal pattern of adrenal cortical function

Results from the chronic exposure of the bodies tissue to excessive levels of glucocoticoid hormones. This complex of symptoms is seen most frequently in people taking corticosteroids as therapy for autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, although some cases result when the adrenal gland produces too much of its own glycocorticoid hormones

Characterized by obesity(face, moon face) buffalo hump, hypertension, hirsuitism(male pattern hair growth) kidney stones, menstrual irregularities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

DM1

A

Insulin dependent “juvenile diabetes”
Absent or diminished production and release of insulin by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets
Not directly associated with obesity
Genetic predisposition +trigger(viral infection)
Treated with insulin injections(stem cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Functions of blood

A

Gas exchange(o2,co2),
transport
nutrients and priducts of metabolism
Enzymes
Hormones
Buffers to regulate pH
Regulate temp
Regulate fluid balance
Protect against infection(luekocytes, plasma protiens)
Protect against blood loss(clotting via platelets,plasma protuens)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Review fig 18.12
3 phases of hemostasis(stop the bleed)

A

Hemostasis: stoppage of bleeding, 3 phases, vascular spasm, platelet plug, coagulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Fig 19.22 heart anatomy &ecg

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Table 20.2 types of capilaries

A

Continuous, fenestrated, sinusoidal
Pic on phone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Compare/contrast anatomy of blood and lymphatic capillaries

A

Sim: wall composed of endothelium
Diff:
LC larger in diameter, no basement membrane, overlapping endothelial cells act as one way flaps to allow fluid in but not out
LC are close ended, BC form a loop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Function of thymus

A

Primary lymphoid structure
Belobed, superior mediastinum
Functions in t-lymphocyte maturation, secrete thymulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

When idms thymus at maximum size

A

Puberty(30-50g)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Description of continuous capillaries

A

Complete endothelial lining around lumen
Complete basement membrane
Entercellular clefts between endothelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What materials pass through continuous capilaries

A

Plasma and it’s contents(-most proteins)
Some leukocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Locations of continuous capillaries

A

Most capillaries
Muscle, thymus,brain,spine,skin,lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Description of fenestrated capillaries

A

Same as continuous +fenestrations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What passes through fenestrated capillaries

A

Large amounts of materials are filtered,released, or absorbed
Some smaller proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Locations of fenestrated capillaries

A

Small intestine(absorp nutrients)
Ciliary process to produce aqueous humor in eyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Description of sinusoidal capillary

A

Incomplete lining of endothelial cells around lumen
Incomplete or absent basement membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What passes through sinusoidal capillaries

A

Large substances(formed elements, large plasma proteins)
Plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Locations of sinusoidal capillaries

A

Red bone marrow for formed elements to enter blood

Liver for monitoring blood contents(for potentially harmful substances)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where does activation of lymphocytes occur

A

Secondary lymphoid structures usually lymph nodes or spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Activation of lymphocytes occurs in

A

Secondary lymphoid structures, usually lymph nodes or spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Lymphocytes activation results in

A

Proliferation and differentiation to form a clone of identical cells that includes memory cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Antigen challenge

A

First encounter between antigen and lymphocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What do b lymphocytes mostly become on activation

A

Differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Structural organization of respiratory tract includes
Upper:nose, nasal cavity, pharynx,larynx Lower:trachea, lungs, bronchus, bronchiole, terminal bronchiole
26
Functional organization of respiratory tract
Conducting zone:nose, nasal cavity, pharyngitis, larynx,trachea, lungs, bronchus, bronchiole, terminal bronchiole Respiratory zone: respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveoli
27
Conducting zone
Passageways that transport or conduct air Think train track for air
28
Respiratory zone
Structures that participate in gas exchange with blood
29
Hormones that increase Na+ reabsorption
Aldasterone, cortisol, estrogen,GH, TH, insulin
30
Hormones that decrease Na+ reabsorption
Atrial natriuretic peptide, progesterone, PTH, glucagon
31
Obligatory water reabsorption occurs where
Proximal convoluted tubule, ~65%
32
How much water is reabsorbed in the nephron loop
~10%
33
What/where regulates the amount of water excreted in urine
Collecting tubules and collecting ducts in response to ADH binding
34
How does ADH Regulate the amount of water excreted in urine
ADH causes an increase in aquaporins resulting in an increase in water reabsorption Fig 24.20
35
What hormone regulates the reabsorption of calcium and phosphate ions
PTH inhibits reabsorption of PO⁴³‐, and stimulates Ca²+ reabsorption Fig 24.22
36
What are the two major fluid compartments in the body
Intracellular and extracellular fluid comoartments
37
What is intracellular fluid
Fluid within cells
38
How much body fluid is intracellular
⅔
39
What is extracellular fluid
Fluid outside of cells
40
Hiw much fluid is extracellular
⅓
41
What is interstitial fluid
Fluid directly surrounding cells, one third of extracellular fluid
42
Hiw much extracellular fluid is plasma
⅓ of extracellular fluid
43
What salutes are more common in intracellular fluid
K+, Mg²+, PO, and proteins
44
Common salutes in extracellular fluid
Na+ and Cl-, HCO³-,
45
What enzyme breaks down carbs in small intestine
Pancreatic amylase
46
Where ins pancreatic amylase produced and rekeased
Produced and released by pancreas into the small intestine
47
What enzymes break down nucleic acids
Deoxyribonuclease(DNA) ribonucleae(RNA) synthesized and released by pancreas Break phosohodiester bond between nucleotides Product is nucleotides(deoxyribonucleotide, ribonucleotide)
48
What enzymes break down nucleotides
Phospatase and nucleosidase
49
What are essential nutrients
Must be obtained through diet and absorbed through digestion
50
What is Nonessential nutrients
Adequately provided by biochemical processes within the body so they don't need to be included in diet
51
What is a macronutrients
Nutrients that must be consumed in large amounts carbs lipids protein
52
What is a micronutrients
Vitamins and minerals that must be consumed in small amounts
53
What is cellulose
Carbohydrate from plants that cannot be absorbed by humans Fiber, polysaccharide Vegetables, lentils, peas, beans,whole grains,oats,berries,nuts
54
Cholesterol
Lipid Needed to create steroid hormones(testosterone) and bile salts, VitD Required component of plasma membrane Made available from diet or synthesized in liver
55
Disaccharide
Carbohydrate that is a dimer formed from two monosaccharides Sucrose, lactose, maltose
56
Glucose
Monosaccharide One of the primary nutrients supplying energy to cells Sugar and starch usually converted to glucose
57
Lactose
"Milk sugar" Dissacharide
58
Monosacharide
Simplest carb molecule Glucose, ribose
59
Polysaccharides
Formed from chains of monosaccharides Glycogen Starches
60
Starch
Polysaccharides polymer of glucose molecules "Complex carbs" Potato, bread, pasta
61
Sucrose
Disaccharide Table sugar, maple syrup, fruit
62
Sugar
Carb including monisacharides and disaccharides
63
Triglycerides
Fats Composed of glycerol and fatty acids
64
Are most amino acids essential or nonessential
Nonessential 9 of 20 are essential
65
Sources of cholesterol
Animal products
66
Functions of cholesterol
Required component of plasma membrane Precursor molecule of steroid hormones, bile salts, VitD
67
Water soluble vitamins
Dissolve in water B complex VitC
68
Fat soluble vitamins
Dissolve in fat A D E K
69
Meiosis
Type of cell devision that results in gametes
70
When does crossing over occur
Prophase 1
71
Is there crossing over in prophase 2
No
72
What is crossing over
The homologous chromosomes within each tetrad exchange genetic material. Shuffling of genetic material between maternal and paternal sister chromatids. Ensures genetic diversity
73
Are sister chromatids in replicated chromosomes identical after crossing over occurs
No
74
What is the result of meiosis 1
Two new cells, each containing 23 replicated chromosomes only. Still composed of sister chromatids
75
What is the result of meiosis 2
Four new daughter cells contain 23 single chromosomes only
76
Difference between meiosis and mitosis
Meiosis is gamete(23 chromosomes) Mitosis is all other body cells(46 chromosomes) Both have all 4 steps Mitosis daughter cells are genetically identical Meiosis daughter cells different Mitosis is one phase Meiosis is 2
77
Total chromosomes in a diploid cell
46
78
When does Ovulation occur
Occurs on day 14 of 28 day ovarian cycle
79
Ovulation
The release of the secondary oocyte from a mature follicle
80
How many ovary ovulate per month typically
One
81
Uterine cycle
Cyclical changes in the endometrial lining of the uterus. Influenced by estrogen and progesterone secreted by the developing follicles and Corpus luteum
82
Phases of uterine cycle
Menstrual phase Proliferative Secretory
83
Function of Corpus luteum
Secretes large amounts of progesterone, estrogen, and inhibit. Inhibits hypothalamus and anterior pituitary and builds uterine lining
84
Menstrual phase
Days 1-5 Sloughing of functional layer of endometrium Lasts through period of bleeding
85
Proliferative phase
Days 6-14 Initial development of new functional layer Overlaps the time of follicle growth and estrogen secretion by ovary
86
Secretory phase
Days 15-28 Increased vascularization and development of the uterine glands occurs primarily in response to progesterone secretion by corpus luteum
87
Describe the fluid secreted by seminal vesicles
Slightly alkaline Viscous, whitish-yellow Contains fructose and prostaglandin Fructose nourishes sperm Prostaglandin dilates the external os of cervix
88
Describe the fluid secreted by prostate
Slightly milky fluid that is slightly acidic, and citric acid, seminalplasmin, prostate specific antigen Citric acid is a nutrient for sperm Sperminaplasmin is antibiotic that prevents UTI PSA liquefy seven after ejaculation
89
Fluid secreted by bulbourethral gland
Clear viscous mucin that forms mucus, coats and lubricates urethra during intercourse
90
Causative agent of chlamydia
Bacterium chlamydia trachomatis
91
Causative agent of genital herpes
Herpes simplex virus type 1 or 2
92
Causative agent of gonorrhea
Bacterium neisseria gonorrheae
93
Causative agent of syphilis
Corkscrew shaped bacterium treponema pallidum
94
Leading cause of PID for women
STI
95
How is the temperature of the testes regulated
When exposed to elevated Temps the dartos and cremaster muscle relaxes which allows testes to move away from the body Opposite for cold
96
What type of nerves innervate the testes
Parasympathetic
97
What stimulates an erection
Blood enters the erectile bodies and fills the venous spaces. Rigid erectile bodies compress vein leading away Parasympathetic innervation releases nitric oxide into tissues which is a vasodilator
98
What secretes human chorionic gonadotropin and what is its function
Syncytiotrophoblast hCG signals Corpus luteum that fertilization has occurred
99
What chemical do pregnancy tests detect
hCG

A&PII (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions