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Child Psychology > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What happens during middle childhood brain growth?

A
  • Synaptogenesis begins to slow
  • Myelination continues
  • Areas involved in cognition continue to evolve
  • Processing is faster
  • Memory and retrieval improve
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2
Q

How much of sports-related injuries are from children ages 5-14?

A

2/3

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3
Q

Gray matter development in girls vs. boys?

A

Tends to be 1-2 years ahead for girls
- peaks occur in different lobes at different times
- differences in overall brain size = 8-10% larger in boys

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4
Q

Piaget: Contrete Operational

A
  • The child is more logical
  • They can attend to multiple aspects of a situation simultaneously and take various perspectives
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5
Q

Vygotsky Applied to the Classroom

A
  • Teachers are the focus of many studies
  • Reciprocal teaching
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6
Q

Reciprocal teaching

A

The teacher explains and models 4 cognitive strategies to provide scaffolding & improve reading comprehension
- questioning
- summarizing
- clarifying
- predicting

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7
Q

Kohlberg’s Stages

A
  • Preconventional
  • Conventional
  • Postconventional
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8
Q

Preconventional: Avoidance of punishment (obedience)

A

Moral decisions based on avoiding negative consequences

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9
Q

Preconventional: Satisfaction of one’s own needs (self-interest)

A

Moral decisions are based in self-centeredness

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10
Q

Conventional: Good girl/bad girl (conformity)

A

Emphasis on gaining approval of others

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11
Q

Conventional: Law and Order

A

Emphasis on maintaining a social order

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12
Q

Post-conventional: Social contract (human rights)

A

Weighing the values of different perspectives (both individual and social) on how each upholds the common good

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13
Q

Post-conventional: Universal ethical (universal human ethics)

A

“Decision of conscience in accord with self-chosen ethical principles that are logical, universal, and consistent”

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14
Q

Girls who mature earlier than their peers…

A
  • tend to become dissatisfied with their body image
  • become sexually active sooner
  • give birth earlier
  • tend to have less education
  • tend to have less stable partnerships
  • experience more emotional distress
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15
Q

Boys who mature earlier than their peers…

A
  • tend to be more mature and more popular
  • tend to be regarded as leaders
  • are happier with their body image compared to late maturing boys
  • tend to use tobacco and alcohol earlier than their peers
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16
Q

Reorganization of the brain in adolescence:

A

after gray matter peaks, it begins to decline due to pruning of extra/weak synapses; at the same time, myelination increases

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17
Q

Role of experience in brain maturation in adolescents

A

experience supports cognition and the development of abstract thinking

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18
Q

Adolescent brain & risky behavior: 3 factors

A
  1. Change in ratio of gray to white matter
  2. Increase in connections with other parts of the brain
  3. Increase in the neurotransmitter dopamine, especially in the limbic system
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19
Q

Adolescent pregnancy:

A
  • pregnancy for a woman < 20 years old
  • birth rates have decreased since 1970
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20
Q

Adolescent pregnancy health risk factors:

A
  • Mother is still physically developing
  • Eating & sleep cycles irregular along with irregular menstrual cycles
  • Unplanned, kept secret (lack of medical care)
21
Q

Consequences for mother & child of adolescent pregnancy:

A
  • Mother school drop out
  • Likelihood of being single parent high
  • low-SES
  • Greater likelihood of having second child within 2 years
22
Q

Adolescent Substance of Choice:

A
  • Alcohol is the preferred substance of choice
  • Smoking is on the decline
  • Marijuana is slightly on the increase
  • Steroids are most used by males
  • Prescription drugs
23
Q

Health Education & Prevention: Sex Education Programs

A

Help prepare adolescents for challenges of normal sexuality

24
Q

Health Education & Prevention: Parental roles

A

Adolescents whose parents talked to them on the topic of sex had their first sexual encounter almost one year later than the other teens

25
Q

Inhibitory control in adolescents:

A

Adolescents are less consistent in regulating their impulsivity than adults; inhibition requires two processes
- Excitatory: focuses on target info
- Inhibitory: suppresses distracting info

26
Q

Piaget & Formal Operations:

A

The 4th stage of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; involves the ability to use abstract reasoning
- logical necessity

27
Q

Hypothetical-deductive reasoning:

A

A form of abstract thinking typical of formal operations that involves the development of hypotheses; top-down reasoning

28
Q

Conditional reasoning:

A

Evaluating information based on the relationship between two things and the premise that if one event occurs, then another event will occur; “If-then” reasoning

29
Q

A “New” Egocentrism:

A

Imaginary audience- everyone’s watching me and paying attention to my every move
Personal fable- you’ll never know how I feel

30
Q

Learning & Schooling: Mathematical skills

A

Children in middle childhood develop greater conceptual knowledge
- they develop greater skill in performing arithmetic operations

31
Q

Academic Motivation:

A

The effort taken to achieve academic goals; incorporates the overall value placed on school and commitments to educational pursuits

32
Q

Intrinsic Motivation:

A

Behaviors that are motivated by interest or enjoyment of the activity itself

33
Q

Extrinsic Motivation:

A

Behaviors that are motivated by external rewards or consequences

34
Q

Effects of school on motivation- Parental Influences

A
  1. Parental warmth
  2. Parental supervision
  3. Parental autonomy granting
35
Q

“Middle School Malaise”

A
  • Focus on competition and comparison to peers
  • More controlling
  • More focus on grades rather than learning tasks and challenging cognition
  • Switching classrooms, new peers, larger groups
36
Q

According to Piaget, at what ages do children exhibit moral realism?

A

5-7 years

37
Q

What is a false statement pertaining to what happens in the brain during middle childhood?

A

Myelination begins to slow

38
Q

A teacher explains new material to her students and creates a class discussion. Students then eventually lead others in their own private discussions. This is an example of what?

A

Reciprocal teaching

39
Q

What type of intelligence is NOT part of the triarchic theory of intelligence?

A

Common intelligence

40
Q

In middle childhood, Piaget believes children develop…

A

Transitive inference

41
Q

In which of Kohlberg’s stages does the child avoid punishment?

A

Preconventional

42
Q

Girls who go through puberty earlier than average are not:

A

Seen as leaders and more mature

43
Q

Mariela wants to do well in her psychology class because she wants to earn the admiration of her peers. She likely has a ____ goal

A

Performance approach

44
Q

Piaget’s last stage of development includes significant development in which of the following skills?

A

Hypothetical deductive reasoning

45
Q

Which of Piaget’s tasks use if-then reasoning?

A

Conditional reasoning

46
Q

Which of the following best describes procedural mathematics knowledge?

A

Knowledge of the mechanics of problem solving

47
Q

Which of the following was not listed as a factor that is closely related to school drop out?

A

Not participating in extra-curriculars

48
Q

Binet believed that IQ was a general characteristic, whereas Gardner proposed that there are ___ different types of intelligence?

A

8

Child Psychology (1 decks)

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