Final Exam

Question 1

Evidence that fungí are closely related to animals

Answer 1

• DNA
• both synthesize chitin
• flagella in chytroid spores and gametes are similar in structure and function to animal flagella
• both store glucose as the polysaccharide glycogen

Question 2

How do fungi eat

Answer 2

Extracelular digestion, fungi secrete enzymes that break down food

Question 3

Basidiomycota( fruiting body, spores, spore location, spore number)

Answer 3

Basidium, basidiospores, outside, 4

Question 4

Ascomycota (fruiting body, spores, spore location, spore number)

Answer 4

Ascus, ascopores, inside ascus, 8

Question 5

Mychorizzal fungi

Answer 5

Symbiotic relationship between fungus and plant

Question 6

EMF

Answer 6

Fungal cells enter the roots but not cells

Question 7

AMF

Answer 7

Fungal cells enter the cells

Question 8

Lichen

Answer 8

Microbial community compromising of an ascomycete and a photosynthesizing partner

Question 9

Saprophytes (and how they affect carbon cycle)

Answer 9

Organisms that digest dead materials. Without digestion of dead materials all the carbon in dead organisms would stay there

Question 10

Deadly fungi: deathcap mushroom

Answer 10

• mychorizzal relationship with coast live oak
• pale yellow ish olive green cap
• Stalk is white
• white spores

Question 11

Fungal parasites: chytridiomycosis in amphibians

Answer 11

Caused by parasitic chytri
Causes thickening of skin
Frogs

Question 12

Valley fever

Answer 12

Inhaled ascomycete
Flu like symptoms
Can lead to meningitis

Question 13

Animals characteristics

Answer 13

1. Multicellular
2. Extracellular matrix
3. Heterotrophic
4. Movement
5. Most are diploid w haploid gametes
6. Develop via a blastula

Question 14

Feeding strategies

Answer 14

• suspension feeders
• fluid feeders
• deposit feeders
• mass feeders

Question 15

Metamorphosis

Answer 15

• avoid competition between juveniles and adults
• allow movement for species that are sessile as adults

Question 16

Blastula

Answer 16

Hollow ball of cells, allows for differentiation of tissues

Question 17

Body symmetry

Answer 17

• asymmetry
• radial symmetry
• bilateral symmetry
• pentaradial symmetry

Question 18

Tissue layers

Answer 18

Ectoderm: external layers
Endoderm: internal tissue lining
Mesoderm: musculature lining of body cavity

Question 19

Gut types

Answer 19

Two way/ blind/ incomplete gut: one opening, food moves in two directions
One way/ complete gut: two openings (mouth and anus), food moves in two directions
Processing gut: one way gut

Question 20

Coelum

Answer 20

Hollow body cavity that is completely lined w/mesoderm

Question 21

Acoelomate

Answer 21

No coelom

Question 22

Pseudocoelomate

Answer 22

Hollow body cavity but not completely lined w mesoderm

Question 23

Cephalization

Answer 23

Concentration of nervous and sensory tissues at one end of the body - bilaterally symmetrical organisms

Question 24

Causes of animal diversification

Answer 24

• high oxygen levels in atmosphere at start of Cambrian explosion
• more food availability leads to more feeding strategies
• predation feeding strategy leads to evolution of protective structure, rapid movement, sensory organs in prey animals
• new niches lead to more niches
• evolution of “genetic toolkit”

Question 25

Cnidocytes

Answer 25

Specialized cells that define Cnidaria

Question 26

Bilateria

Answer 26

All animals except sponges, cnidarians, cnetophores

Question 27

Protostomes and deuterostomes are different developmentally because…

Answer 27

- fate of blastopore, pro: mouth, deu: anus - early cell cleavage, pro: spiral cleavage deu: radial cleavage - cell rate determination pro: determinate cleavage deu: indeterminate cleavage

Question 28

Determinate cleavage

Answer 28

Asymmetrical distribution of cyptoplasm between daughter cells, removing one cell kills the embryo, mosaic cleavage

Question 29

Indeterminate cleavage

Answer 29

Symmetrical distribution of cyptoplasm, splitting embryo results in twins, regulative cleavage

Question 30

Protostomes

Answer 30

Highly diverse, most described animals, two major groups: lophotrochozoans, ecdysozoans

Question 31

Platyhelminthes

Answer 31

Flatworms, no true synapomorohies, free-living or parasites

Question 32

Annelida

Answer 32

Segmented worms, paired chaetae, parapodia

Question 33

Molluscq

Answer 33

Extremely diverse phylum, shell, mantula: secretes the shell, radula: scraper for feeding, foot: movement, prey capture in squid/ octopus

Question 34

Bivalvia

Answer 34

Clams, muscles, scallops, oysters Two valves/shells Filter feeders Mostly sessile

Question 35

Gastropoda

Answer 35

Snails, slugs, nuibranchs “Stomach foot”

Question 36

Cephalopoda

Answer 36

Squid, octopus, nautiles, cuttlefish Foot used for prey capture Well-developed CNS

Question 37

Ecydsis

Answer 37

Process of molting

Question 38

Nematoda

Answer 38

Unsegmented round worms Psuedocoelomates

Question 39

Arthropoda

Answer 39

Exoskeleton of chitin Paired, jointed appendages Segmented bodies - tagma: fuses body segments Insects have 3 tagmata Arachnids and crustaceans have 2 tagmata

Question 40

Echinodermata

Answer 40

Sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers Pentaradial symmetry Water vascular system Tube feet

Question 41

Chordata

Answer 41

Very diverse Pharyngeal gill slits Dorsal hollow nerve chord Notochord Post- anal tail

Question 42

Chordata characters

Answer 42

Amniotic egg Cranium and vertebrae Dorsal nerve cord, notochord, post anal tail Fur and milk Jaws Limbs Lobed limbs Lungs scales

Question 43

Amniotic egg

Answer 43

Embryo, yolk sac, allantois (wastes) Support/ protection Nutrition Prevents water loss Allows for reproduction without water Membranes within egg allow for efficient gas exchange