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Soc100 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

functionalism

A

views society as a system of interrelated parts that work together to maintain stability

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2
Q

conflict theory

A

focuses on competition for scarce resources and the power struggles between different groups in society
highlights how in equality and social injustice result from these power imbalances

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3
Q

symbolic interactionism

A

examines how individuals interact with each other and attach meanings to symbols and gestures
emphasizes role of symbols, language, communication in shaping reality

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4
Q

social constructionism

A

reality is not inherent but socially constructed through shared meanings
i.e., how gender, race, identity etc are constructed

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5
Q

feminist theory

A

focuses on gender inequalities and advocates for the rights and perspectives of women

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6
Q

critical theory

A

draws from both conflict theory and social constructionism to critique existing social structures and promote social change

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7
Q

rational choice theory

A

views individuals as rational actors who make decisions based on the perceived costs and benefits
applies economic principles to social interactions

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8
Q

postmodernism

A

challenges grand narratives and questions the idea of objective truth
emphasizes the diversity of experiences and perspectives and the fluidity of social structures

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9
Q

exchange theory

A

examines social interactions as a series of exchanges where individuals seek to maximize rewards and minimize costs

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10
Q

structuralism

A

examines the underlying structures that shape social phenomena

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11
Q

the sociological imagination

A

the ability to connect personal experiences to broader social, historical, and cultural contexts
to see the context which shapes your individual decision making

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12
Q

positivism

A

emphasizes the use of scientific methods to study and understand social phenomena
RELIES ON SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE

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13
Q

interpretivism

A

emphasizes understanding social phenomena from the perspective of those involved and focuses on the subjective meanings people attach to their experiences
RELIES ON STUDY OF SOCIAL REALITY

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14
Q

victimless crimes

A

activities that are illegal but do not involve a direct harm or unwilling participant
i.e., gambling, prostitution, certain drug offences

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15
Q

socialization

A

the process by which individuals, typically starting in infancy, learn and internalize culture, social, and interpersonal elements of their society

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16
Q

resocialization

A

the process by which individuals undergo a significant transformation in their beliefs, values, behaviours, and social roles as they transition from one social context to another

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17
Q

social structure

A

the patterned social arrangements and relationships that form the framework of a society

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18
Q

norms

A

society ‘rules’

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19
Q

folkways

A

informal, everyday norms that represent customary ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving within a particular society
i.e., manners, etiquette, greeting people

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20
Q

mores

A

norms or customs that are considered vital to the well-being of a society - often strictly enforced

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21
Q

market basket measure (MBM)

A

used to assess poverty by taking into account the cost of a specified basket of goods and services that represent the basic needs of a typical family

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22
Q

manifest function

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A

the recognized and intended outcomes or consequences of any social institution, structure, or phenomenon
usually deliberately planned, openly stated, and easily observable

23
Q

latent function

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A

the unintended or less obvious consequences of social structure, institution, or phenomenon
i.e., education - reinforcement of social inequalities

24
Q

qualitative research

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A

relies on non-numeric information - interviews, observations, content analysis

25
quantitative research
numeric information - surveys etc.
26
real culture
the actual behaviours, beliefs, values, norms, and practices that exist within a society
27
ideal culture
the norms, values, and beliefs that a society aspires and considers desirable
28
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis (linguistic relativity)
suggests that the structure and vocabulary of a language can shape and influence the way its speakers perceive and think about the world
29
ethnocentrism
the tendency of individuals or groups to evaluate and judge other cultures - their own culture is superior to others
30
counterculture
a subculture that actively rejects or opposes the dominant cultural norms, values, and practices of the larger society
31
subculture
a group of people who share distinctive norms, values, beliefs, behaviours, and practices that differentiate them from larger culture to which they belong
32
the looking glass self
the idea that individuals form their self-concept and self-identity through their perception of how others perceive them
33
dramaturgical model
views social interactions as a form of theatrical performance and individuals as actors who play different roles in various social situations
34
mediasphere
not widely recognized often used informally to describe the collective space or environment in which media operates and influences public discourse
35
net neutrality
reflects the broader issues of access, equality, and power dynamics in the digital age
36
horizontal mobility
the movement or change of an individual or a group from one social or occupational position to another that is roughly equivalent in social status
37
vertical mobility
the movement or change of an individual or a group from one social or occupational position to another that is significantly different in terms of social status, prestige, or class
38
food insecurity
the lack of consistent access to enough nutritious food for an active and heathy life
39
gender identity
an individual's sense of their own gender
40
ethnicity
social category characterized by cultural traits
41
ethnocide
the deliberate and systematic destruction of the culture, customs, language, and way of life of a particular ethnic group
42
segregation
the separation of individuals or groups along social, economic, racial, ethnic, or other lines
43
crime rate
quantifies the incidence of reported criminal offences within a given population over a specific period
44
assimilation
individuals or groups from different cultures come to adopt customs, values, and behaviours of the dominant culture
45
theories of crime
46
strain theory
individuals engage in criminal behaviour when they experience a disconnection between societal goals and the means available to achieve those goals
47
control theory
individuals are naturally inclined toward deviant behaviour, and it is social bonds and controls that prevent them from engaging in criminal activities
48
labeling theory
focuses on how societal reaction and labels influence individuals' self-concepts and behaviours
49
conflict theory (crime)
views crime as a result of social conflict and inequality
50
morbidity
prevalence or incidence of illness or disease within a population
51
mortality
the occurrence of death within a population
52
dependency theory
the underdevelopment of some countries is a result of their dependence on and exploitation by more economically powerful nations
53
world-systems theory
global economy as a world system with core, semi-peripheral, and peripheral
54
modernization theory
global inequality is a result of differences in levels of economic development and technological progress

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