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Soc100 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

functionalism

A

views society as a system of interrelated parts that work together to maintain stability

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2
Q

conflict theory

A

focuses on competition for scarce resources and the power struggles between different groups in society
highlights how in equality and social injustice result from these power imbalances

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3
Q

symbolic interactionism

A

examines how individuals interact with each other and attach meanings to symbols and gestures
emphasizes role of symbols, language, communication in shaping reality

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4
Q

social constructionism

A

reality is not inherent but socially constructed through shared meanings
i.e., how gender, race, identity etc are constructed

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5
Q

feminist theory

A

focuses on gender inequalities and advocates for the rights and perspectives of women

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6
Q

critical theory

A

draws from both conflict theory and social constructionism to critique existing social structures and promote social change

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7
Q

rational choice theory

A

views individuals as rational actors who make decisions based on the perceived costs and benefits
applies economic principles to social interactions

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8
Q

postmodernism

A

challenges grand narratives and questions the idea of objective truth
emphasizes the diversity of experiences and perspectives and the fluidity of social structures

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9
Q

exchange theory

A

examines social interactions as a series of exchanges where individuals seek to maximize rewards and minimize costs

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10
Q

structuralism

A

examines the underlying structures that shape social phenomena

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11
Q

the sociological imagination

A

the ability to connect personal experiences to broader social, historical, and cultural contexts
to see the context which shapes your individual decision making

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12
Q

positivism

A

emphasizes the use of scientific methods to study and understand social phenomena
RELIES ON SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE

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13
Q

interpretivism

A

emphasizes understanding social phenomena from the perspective of those involved and focuses on the subjective meanings people attach to their experiences
RELIES ON STUDY OF SOCIAL REALITY

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14
Q

victimless crimes

A

activities that are illegal but do not involve a direct harm or unwilling participant
i.e., gambling, prostitution, certain drug offences

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15
Q

socialization

A

the process by which individuals, typically starting in infancy, learn and internalize culture, social, and interpersonal elements of their society

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16
Q

resocialization

A

the process by which individuals undergo a significant transformation in their beliefs, values, behaviours, and social roles as they transition from one social context to another

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17
Q

social structure

A

the patterned social arrangements and relationships that form the framework of a society

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18
Q

norms

A

society ‘rules’

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19
Q

folkways

A

informal, everyday norms that represent customary ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving within a particular society
i.e., manners, etiquette, greeting people

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20
Q

mores

A

norms or customs that are considered vital to the well-being of a society - often strictly enforced

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21
Q

market basket measure (MBM)

A

used to assess poverty by taking into account the cost of a specified basket of goods and services that represent the basic needs of a typical family

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22
Q

manifest function

A

the recognized and intended outcomes or consequences of any social institution, structure, or phenomenon
usually deliberately planned, openly stated, and easily observable

23
Q

latent function

A

the unintended or less obvious consequences of social structure, institution, or phenomenon
i.e., education - reinforcement of social inequalities

24
Q

qualitative research

A

relies on non-numeric information - interviews, observations, content analysis

25
Q

quantitative research

A

numeric information - surveys etc.

26
Q

real culture

A

the actual behaviours, beliefs, values, norms, and practices that exist within a society

27
Q

ideal culture

A

the norms, values, and beliefs that a society aspires and considers desirable

28
Q

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis (linguistic relativity)

A

suggests that the structure and vocabulary of a language can shape and influence the way its speakers perceive and think about the world

29
Q

ethnocentrism

A

the tendency of individuals or groups to evaluate and judge other cultures - their own culture is superior to others

30
Q

counterculture

A

a subculture that actively rejects or opposes the dominant cultural norms, values, and practices of the larger society

31
Q

subculture

A

a group of people who share distinctive norms, values, beliefs, behaviours, and practices that differentiate them from larger culture to which they belong

32
Q

the looking glass self

A

the idea that individuals form their self-concept and self-identity through their perception of how others perceive them

33
Q

dramaturgical model

A

views social interactions as a form of theatrical performance and individuals as actors who play different roles in various social situations

34
Q

mediasphere

A

not widely recognized
often used informally to describe the collective space or environment in which media operates and influences public discourse

35
Q

net neutrality

A

reflects the broader issues of access, equality, and power dynamics in the digital age

36
Q

horizontal mobility

A

the movement or change of an individual or a group from one social or occupational position to another that is roughly equivalent in social status

37
Q

vertical mobility

A

the movement or change of an individual or a group from one social or occupational position to another that is significantly different in terms of social status, prestige, or class

38
Q

food insecurity

A

the lack of consistent access to enough nutritious food for an active and heathy life

39
Q

gender identity

A

an individual’s sense of their own gender

40
Q

ethnicity

A

social category characterized by cultural traits

41
Q

ethnocide

A

the deliberate and systematic destruction of the culture, customs, language, and way of life of a particular ethnic group

42
Q

segregation

A

the separation of individuals or groups along social, economic, racial, ethnic, or other lines

43
Q

crime rate

A

quantifies the incidence of reported criminal offences within a given population over a specific period

44
Q

assimilation

A

individuals or groups from different cultures come to adopt customs, values, and behaviours of the dominant culture

45
Q

theories of crime

A
46
Q

strain theory

A

individuals engage in criminal behaviour when they experience a disconnection between societal goals and the means available to achieve those goals

47
Q

control theory

A

individuals are naturally inclined toward deviant behaviour, and it is social bonds and controls that prevent them from engaging in criminal activities

48
Q

labeling theory

A

focuses on how societal reaction and labels influence individuals’ self-concepts and behaviours

49
Q

conflict theory (crime)

A

views crime as a result of social conflict and inequality

50
Q

morbidity

A

prevalence or incidence of illness or disease within a population

51
Q

mortality

A

the occurrence of death within a population

52
Q

dependency theory

A

the underdevelopment of some countries is a result of their dependence on and exploitation by more economically powerful nations

53
Q

world-systems theory

A

global economy as a world system with core, semi-peripheral, and peripheral

54
Q

modernization theory

A

global inequality is a result of differences in levels of economic development and technological progress

Soc100 (1 decks)

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