Final Exam Flashcards
(186 cards)
1
Q
Define Parasite
A
species that utilizes a host to thrive; benefit when the host is affected
2
Q
Where are parasites found?
A
GI tract, fecal, skin/hair, ears, heart, blood, bladder, various tissues
3
Q
Where are Ectoparasites found
A
outside of the body (fleas, ticks, mites)
4
Q
Where are Endoparasites found
A
Inside of the body (tapeworms, roundworms, flatworms)
5
Q
Stages of parasite life cycle, in order
A
egg, larvae, nymphs, pupae, adults
6
Q
Definitive host
A
host that is infected by the adult stage of the parasite
7
Q
Intermediate host
A
host infected/affected by the immature forms of a parasite
7
Q
Nematoda
A
roundworms
7
Q
Arthropoda
A
ectoparasites
8
Q
platyhelminths
A
flatworms
8
Q
protozoa
A
single-celled organisms
9
Q
how many classes of anthropoids are there
A
2
10
Q
Insecta –> Diptera
A
flies
11
Q
insecta - phthiraptera
A
lice
12
Q
insecta - Siphonaptera
A
fleas
13
Q
insecta - Hymenoptera
A
wasps, bees, ants, hornets
14
Q
Arachnida - Acari
A
mites, ticks
15
Q
Arachnida - Araneae
A
spiders
16
Q
Arachnida - scorpionida
A
scorpions
17
Q
What do adult flies feed on?
A
secretions, blood
18
Q
what is the family Culicidae and what do they act as a vector for?
A
Mosquitoes; heartworm, viral diseases, allergies
19
Q
What is a fistula?
A
open passageway/abnormal connection between organs
20
Q
how do you diagnose Cuterebra
A
CT scan
21
Q
In the CT scan of Cuterebra, what does a gray to cream larva mean
A
2nd stage larva
22
In the CT scan of Cuterebra, what does a dark, thick larva mean
3rd stage larva
23
What is Mallophaga
Biting lice
24
What is Anoplura
Sucking lice
25
Trichodectes canis
dog biting lice
26
Felicola subrostrata
cat biting lice
27
How does lice differ from fleas?
fleas are not species specific
28
Symptoms of lice?
itching/scratching, Irritated skin; inflammation, Potential surface bleeding, Alopecia
29
How to treat lice
pyrethrins found in a topical ointment or shampoo
30
What multiple of their body weight do fleas consume in blood?
15 times
31
What health issues are associated with fleas
Anemia
32
How do we diagnose fleas
often see them with the naked eye; can use fecal matter
33
symptoms of fleas
itching/scratching, hair loss, rashes/bumps
34
how do we prevent and treat fleas
Adulticides (fipronil)
35
what is the flea life cycle
4 life stages; egg, larva, pupa (in a cocoon), and adult
36
What is difficult about eradicating fleas?
at some life stages they are resistant to insecticides and other flea control products
37
How do we eradicate fleas?
Insect growth regulators (Methoprene, fenoxycarb)
37
What makes up an arachnid
8 legs; 4 pairs Cephalothorax, Abdomen
38
What causes pets to be stung by pests?
curiosity, sniffing flowers, accidental nest disturbance, etc
39
Arachnid life cycle
4 stages; Egg, 6-legged larva, 8-legged nymph, 8-legged adult
40
what are the 3 classes of arachnids
Acari (mites/ticks), Araneae (spiders), and Scorpionida (scorpions)
41
what are the different types of mites
Sarcoptes
Notoedres
Trixacarus
42
what is mange
skin disease caused by mites
43
symptoms of mites
skin irritation, alopecia, abnormally thick skin
44
sarcoptes
itch mites
45
trixacarus
mite most common in guinea pigs
46
how do we treat sarcoptic mange
Topical treatment - selamectin; lime sulfur
Systemic parasiticide - ivermectin isoxazolines
47
How do we diagnose and treat otodectes cynotis?
diagnose by visualization or ear swab, and treat by topical/systemic acaricides
48
How are demodicidae different from the other types of mites we discussed?
present in small numbers
49
What are symptoms of demodicidae
alopecia, inflammation (red mange)
50
ixodidae vs argasidae
ixodidae are hard bodied where argasidae are soft bodied ticks
51
what diseases are ticks vectors for
lymes, rickettsial, tick paralysis
52
What is the difference between a one host tick and a two or three host tick
a one host tick uses one species the entire time
53
What are preventative methods for ticks
permethrin sprays
54
What are Nematoda also known as
roundworms
55
What is the infective stage of nematodes
3rd stage larva (L3)
56
How do nematodes infect people?
ingestion, vectors, transplacental
57
What are the classifications of nematodes?
6 orders, Rhabditida (threadworms), strongylida (bursate), ascaridida (ascarids), oxyurida (pinworms), spirurida (spirurid and filarial), Enoplida
58
Where do hookworms reside?
small intestine
59
what do hookworms feed on, and what health issue does it cause?
blood; anemia
60
symptoms of hookworms
black feces (tar-like), heavy load can cause death
61
how is hookworm transmitted
contaminated soil
62
How do we diagnose hookworm
ova in fecal matter
63
How do we treat hookworm
Pyrantel pamoate
64
How to prevent hookworm
proper husbandry, consistent removal of feces
65
Where is lungworm found
lungs; trachea/bronchi
66
how is lungworm transmitted
ingestion of L1 from another dog
67
where are the larvae in lungworm present
feces, respiratory system
68
how is lungworm treated
ivermectin, fenbendazole, albendazole
69
symptoms of large roundworms
vomiting/diarrhea, constipation, abdominal distension, stunted growth
70
how are large roundworms transmitted
placenta, nursing, injestion
71
how do we diagnose large roundworms
worms/eggs in feces
72
how do we treat large roundworms
anthelmintics, removal of feces
73
What is the scientific name for heartworm
Dirofilaria immitis
74
what is the life cycle of a heartworm
75
where do heartworm live
pulmonary arteries, heart
76
does heartworm affect dogs or cats more
dogs
77
symptoms of heartworm
swollen legs/abdomen, coughing, heart failure
78
Heartworm diagnosis
Antigen snap test, blood microscopy, knott concentration
79
heartworm treatment
supportive care for heart/lungs, adulticides, microfilaricides
80
heartworm prevention
heartgard
81
why is heartworm treatment hazardous
the drug used to treat heartworm disease contained high levels of arsenic which can be toxic
82
what are flukeworms vectors for
salmon poisioning
83
where are flukeworms found
lungs, liver, blood vessels, intestines
84
where are tapeworms found
cysts in muscle/organ tissue
85
what do tapeworms feed on
the food being digested
86
tapeworm symptoms
diarrhea, lethargy, bloating
87
What is a proglottid
reproductive system of tapeworms
88
tapeworm treatment
cestocide
89
what does Sarcomastigophora affect
digestive tract
90
symptoms of Sarcomastigophora
diarrhea, mucous covered feces
91
Sarcomastigophora treatment
fenbendazole, metronidazole
92
where are apicomplexa housed
within host cells
93
What are the differences between coccidians and hemosporidians
coccidians are in the GI tract where hemosporidians are in the blood
94
symptoms of coccidians and hemosporidians
severe diarrhea
95
how do we treat apicomplexa
albendazole, sulfadimethoxine
96
primary host of toxoplasmosis
domestic and wild cats
97
what are the two types of oocysts?
thick and thin walled
98
major concern in humans from toxoplasmosis
severe lung or brain disease
99
who is majorly at risk for toxoplasmosis
people with weakened immune systems
100
symptoms of toxoplasmosis in dogs/cats
vomiting/diarrhea, blindness, fever, seizures, pneumonia, paralysis
101
how do we prevent toxoplasmosis
don't let pets eat raw or uncooked meat, remove feces from litter boxes
102
what is babesia and how is it transmitted
blood parasite transmitted via ticks
103
babesia symptoms
flu-like symptoms
104
when is a dog geriatric
7 or 8 for large breed, 10 medium, 12 small
105
when is a cat geriatric
13-14
106
What allowed for the life expectancy of animals to increase over the years?
Advanced healthcare, improved nutrition, stronger human/animal bond
107
signs of aging?
losing pigmentation in fur, droopy eyes, not as active, etc.
108
What are the biological theories that explain aging?
oxidative stress
109
What does antagonistic pleiotropy mean?
Genes that are critical for early development that may become detrimental later in life
110
How does caloric intake affect an animal's lifespan
Decreased caloric intake can equal longer lives
111
What % of aging / lifespan is heritable
25%
112
What traits are often selected for when breeding
appearance, temperament
113
How does diet change when your pet becomes geriatric?
Lower caloric intake, softer food
114
What % of animals are obese?
50%+
115
What issues does obesity lead to?
Diabetes mellitus, Osteoarthritis, Cardiac issues, Urinary tract issues
116
What are some rehabilitation methods for injuries?
Chiropractic adjustments, Electro stimulation, Heat therapy, Massage therapy, Aqua therapy
117
What are the major causes of mortality in cats (in order of prevalence)
Kidney Disease
Neoplasia
Infectious diseases (FIP, etc.)
Hyperthyroidism
Diabetes
118
What are the major causes of mortality in dogs (in order of prevalence)
Neoplasia/Cancer
Heart failure
Renal failure
Liver failure
Diabetes
119
What is calculus? How is it removed
tartar; chewing dental items (bones, etc)
120
What behavior changes can be seen in older animals?
lethargy, appetite declines, altered behavior
121
Why is it hard to diagnose arthritis or degenerative joint diseases?
species express pain differently, and natural instinct stops them from showing pain
122
What is a treatment for arthritis and how does it help
Supplementation of glucosamine; helps cartilage in joints and decrease of inflammation
123
What is a feral animal
one that lives in the wild but is descended from domesticated individuals
124
What is an unwanted animal
The animal has an owner, but the owner no longer wants to care for that animal
125
What is the owner responsible for when they own a pet?
moral, financial, and legal responsibilities
126
Why do animals become homeless/unwanted
Finacial issues
Novilty has worn off
Behaviors
Incapable owners, physically and mentally
127
Uncontrolled animal
Has an owner but the owner doesn’t really care where their animal goes
128
Stray animal
homeless
129
free-roaming animal
Strays and uncontrolled animals
130
What are some problems associated with homeless animals?
Cats/dogs end up free-roaming
Inadequate supervision= runaway
Not utilizing leash laws
131
why can homeless cats be a bigger issue than homeless dogs?
cats are induced ovulators
132
What are the zoonotic diseases that are of major concern in these
situations?
parasitic infection
133
what are some hazards with free roaming/homeless animals?
134
What are some ways we have begun to control the unwanted animal problem
shelters and rescues; Force spay/neuter before adopting out
135
What is Zeuterin?
injectable ---> chemical castration in puppies
136
How effective is zeuterin
99.6%
137
When was zeuterin used
2003-2005 and then 2014-2016 again
138
why did zeuterin flop
marketing issues
139
What is a neuter and how long is the procedure?
Removal of the testes; 15 minutes
140
What are the two methods of neutering and what do they entail?
Scrotal (incision on scrotum), and Pre Scrotal (Incision cranial to scrotum; caudal to penis)
141
What is a spay and how long is the procedure?
Removal of ovaries, oviducts, uterus; 20-90 minutes
142
When is a spay not done?
when the animal is in heat
143
What does post-surgery care consist of for a neuter/spay?
No excessive running, No jumping, Make sure animal can’t bite/lick, no bathing for 2 weeks, check for inflammation/infection, Pain relief, sedation if necessary
144
What are the benefits of spaying and neutering?
Decrease animal #s, decreased incidence/elimination of reproductive cancers
145
What are the criteria for adoptable animals?
Updated vaccines
Not hyper aggressive
Spays and neuters
Overall health
146
criteria for fit owners?
Adequate space
Financially
Depending on animal either no pets or other pets
Background check
147
What are the different kinds of diagnostic tests?
Diagnostic imaging, Microscopy and pathology, Bloodwork
148
What are common body positions in dogs/cats for taking X-rays?
Lateral - laying on side, Ventrodorsal (VD) - on its back, and Dorsoventral (DV) - on its stomac
149
What do the different shades of opacity on an X-ray indicate you are looking at?
Metal - bright white
Mineral (bone)
Soft tissue and fluid
Fat
gas/air - black
150
What are ultrasounds often used for?
Pregnancy
Trauma (free fluid)
Aid in obtaining urine sample
Masses
Foreign bodies
151
What is the benefit of an ultrasound vs X-ray?
Using sound waves not radiation or magnet, and Real time imaging
152
What are some things MRIs are used to diagnose
tumors, infarcts, meningitis, abscesses, IVDD, nerve diseases, and more
153
What specialty are MRIs typically used in
neurology
154
What is a CT scan?
utilizes the same technology as X-rays to form images
155
What are we looking for in ear cytology?
bacteria, mites
156
What are symptoms of an ear infection?
Shaking head, sounds like fluid shaking around, Scratching ears, smell
157
Why might we not need to do an ear cytology?
You may be able to see it with the naked eye
158
What is a stenotic ear canal? How might you treat it?
Ear canal will close up; medications, or possible removal
159
What is a blood smear
used to visualize the cellular components of blood
160
What are we looking for in a blood smear?
Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
161
What is a fine needle aspirate?
take a needle and gather cells from a superficial cutaneous growth
162
When might you need a biopsy vs FNA?
you are more likely to get a diagnosis with a biopsy
163
What are we looking for on a urinalysis?
UTI, Uroliths
164
What are SNAP tests? What is being detected?
bloodwork; antibodies
165
What diseases does a 4DX test for?
lyme, anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, and Heartworm
166
What diseases does a Feline triple test for?
FIV, FELV, Heartworm
167
What valuable information can you learn from a complete blood cell count?
make sure blood components are in the normal range
168
What chemistry values are associated with kidney function?
BUN and Creatinine
169
What chemistry values are associated with liver function?
ALT, ALP, Bilirubin
170
What factors alter the cost of health insurance?
breed, age, dog vs cat, spay/neuter status, prior medical history, where you live
171
What is covered in basic insurance policies?
accidents, illnesses, Hereditary/Congenital Conditions, Diagnostic treatments, Hospitalization, Prescription Medications, Emergency Visits, Surgeries
172
What is not normally covered in basic insurance policies?
Pre-existing conditions
Grooming
Boarding
Dental cleanings
Prescription food
Illness or injury resulting from neglect or maliciousness
Vaccines, heartworm/flea/tick preventatives
Special treatments like acupuncture, chiropractors, or rehabilitative cost
173
What does a premium policy cover over a basic policy
Premium policies usually cover the pet for life, they are more expensive, but can cover payments for treatments of chronic illnesses or diseases and payments for expensive surgeries
174
how much does a spay cost; neuter?
spay = 200-500; neuter = 50-200
175
how much does an ultrasound cost
300-500
176
how much do vaccinations cost
30-50 each
177
how much does chemo cost
Standard treatment: $3,000-5,000
Brain or nasal: $6,000-10,000
178
how much does an ACL repair cost
2000-5000
179
how much does grooming cost
20-40
180
how much does a collapsible crate cost
20-90
181
how much does a training session cost
group classes: 65-200
individual: 80-200 per hour (100 avg)
182
how much does a 1 week boarding cost
20-50 per night
