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Cellular Biology > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Which of these answers is a single cell with the largest diameter?

a. human rbc
b. bacterial cell
c. cheek cell
d. liver tissue

A

c. cheek cell

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1
Q

Who was the first person to visualize LIVING cells

a. Anton van Leeuwenhoek
b. Robert Hooke
c. Theodore Schwann
d. Maurice Wilkins

A

a. Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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2
Q

What is the fundamental unit of life according to the cell theory?

a. atom
b. molecule
c. cell
d. tissue
e. organism

A

c. cell

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3
Q

Which type of microscopy would be most appropriate to visualize detail in ribosome, which has a diameter of around 20nm?

a. standard brightfeild microscopy
b. fluorescence microscope
c. electron microscopy
d. neither A, B, or C
e. choice A, B and C could all be used to visualize ribosome.

A

c. electron microscopy

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4
Q

Which type of molecule is primarily responsible for catalyzing chemical reactions in cells?
a. proteins
b. lipids
c. DNA
d. RNA
e. Sugars

A

a. proteins

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5
Q

Which of the following is most likely to form hydrophobic interactions in water?
a. two side chains of two polar amino acids
b. two glucose molecules
c. the side chains of two non polar amino acids
d. the nitrogenous bases in double stranded DNA

A

c. the side chains of two non polar amino acids

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6
Q

Which of these is a catabolic reaction?
a. digestion of glycogen into glucose
b. folding of a protein
c. generation of nucleic acid from nucleotides
d. all of the above
e. none of the above

A

a. digestion of glycogen into glucose

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7
Q

Based on your knowledge of the chemical bonds, which of the following interactions would you expect to play the most important role in enhancing the solubility of macromolecules in water?
a. hydrophobic interactions
b. non polar covalent bonds
c. hydrogen bonds
d. van der Waals forces

A

c. hydrogen bonds

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8
Q

When comparing saturated to unsaturated fatty acids, which of the following is NOT true?

a. saturated fatty acids have no double bond in fatty acid tail
b. unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds in fatty acid tail
c. saturated fatty acids with cid double bonds have higher melting temperatures than unsaturated fatty acids
d. the fatty acids used to build phospholipids in the plasma membrane typically have at least one cis double bond in the fatty acid tails.

A

c. saturated fatty acids with cid double bonds have higher melting temperatures than unsaturated fatty acids

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9
Q

The chemical process that occur to form nucleic acids, proteins, and carbohydrates all involve:
a. peptide bonds
b. hydrolysis reactions
c. condensation reactions
d. A and C are correct
e. A and B are correct

A

c. condensation reactions

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10
Q

Which of the following macromolecules would yield the largest number of chemically different types of monomers after complete hydrolysis (chemically different, meaning molecules with different chemical formulas)

a. DNA
b. proteins
c. RNA
d. glycogen

A

b. proteins

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11
Q

Proteins are highly diverse molecules. Were the ultimate source of genetic information used to make different proteins?
a. DNA
b. RNA
c. other proteins in cell
d. Sugars

A

a. DNA

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12
Q

Which of these structures would look the most similar in two completely different proteins?
a. The primary strcutre
b. The tertiary structure
c. alpha helices
d. all the above

A

c. alpha helices

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13
Q

What are the pyrimidines?

A

Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine

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14
Q

What are the pruines?

A

adenine, guanine

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15
Q

What are the components of a DNA nucleotide?

A

Deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

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16
Q

What is the complete set of information in an organism’s DNA is called

A

the genome

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17
Q

What is the structure at the end of a chromosome and allows for the end of the chromosome to be duplicated, while also protecting the ends of the chromosome?

A

Telomere

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18
Q

Which histone protein is responsible for linking nucleosomes together, forming the 30nm fiber?

A

H1

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19
Q

Example of Polar Uncharged Amino acid. Give the full name, 3 letter abbreviation, 1 letter abbreviation

A

Serine, Ser, S

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20
Q

Example of Polar charged Amino acid. Give the full name, 3 letter abbreviation, 1 letter abbreviation

A

Lysine, Lys, K

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21
Q

Example of a nonpolar Amino acid. Give the full name, 3 letter abbreviation, 1 letter abbreviation

A

Valine, Val, V

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22
Q

The beta tubulin is the ________ end

A

positive (B positive)

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23
Q

What end of the microtubule is oriented towards the centrioles

A

the negative end

24
Q

What direction does kinesis face

A

the positive end

25
Q

what binds cargo to the kinesin

A

The tail

26
Q

What are microfilaments composed of?

A

Actin

27
Q

True or false?
Actin is a single protein

A

True

28
Q

What direction does myosin move

A

towards the positive end

29
Q

True or false?
Plasma membrane can only been seen by electron microscopy

A

True

30
Q

What are the components of a membrane

A

lipids
carbs
proteins

31
Q

true or false?
If membranes were put into water they would not form a continuous bilayer

A

False

32
Q

The cytosolic leaflet faces towards the __________

A

cytosol

33
Q

All of these are true of the fluid mosaic model except…
a. the membrane is not a rigid structure
b. membrane proteins penetrate the lipid bilayer
c. lipids are ridgy stuck in place due to spectrin
d. membrane proteins are able to diffuse within the bilayer

A

c. lipids are ridgy stuck in place due to spectrin

34
Q

Is transverse (flip flop) diffusion of lipids in the bilayer fast or slow

A

slow

35
Q

More cis bonds leads to ……

A

lower melting point

36
Q

How do cells maintain membrane fluidity when temp drops?

A

converting single bonds to double bond in the fatty acid

37
Q

What are the two organelles important for membrane generation

A

ER and Golgi

38
Q

Where are the enzyme of the ER that synthesize lipids

A

cytosolic leaflet

39
Q

Are membrane lipids symmetrically distributed

A

NO

40
Q

What is the role of cholesterol in the membrane?

A

Maintain membrane fluidity at different temperatures

41
Q

Name the two types of membrane proteins?

A

Integral and Peripheral

42
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration

A

Oxygen

43
Q

Why is the catabolism of glucose catalyzed in several steps

A

allows more efficient capture of energy

44
Q

What are the main activated carried involved in respiration (animals)

A

ATP, NADH, FADH2

45
Q

What are the two places initial digestion can take place?

A

outside cell (brush border), lysosome

46
Q

Where does glycolysis occur

A

in the cytosol

47
Q

What is the NET gain of ATP in glycolysis

A

2

48
Q

How many NADH mole are produced from glycolysis?

A

2

49
Q

what is the final product of glycolysis

A

pyruvate

50
Q

what are the early stages of glycolysis called

A

energy investment

51
Q

______ is convert to ________ in order to continue the rest of glycolysis

A

DHAP, GAP

52
Q

What step is the production of NADH in glycolysis

A

6th step

53
Q

If oxygen is present what will happen after glycolysis?

A

Pyruvate will enter citric acid cycle

54
Q

What is the result of pyruvate oxidation

A
  • CO2 generated as waste
  • NADH generated
55
Q

What does Acetyl CoA combine with to form citrate, starting the cycle

A

oxaloacetate

56
Q

Is GTP produced in the citric acid cycle

A

yes

57
Q

What happens after the citric acid cycle

A

oxidative phosphorylation

58
Q
A

Cellular Biology (4 decks)

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