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SOC 220: Social Research Methods > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

The process of selecting observations that will be analyzed for research purposes

A

Sampling

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2
Q

Homogeneous

A

Having the same specific characteristics of study

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3
Q

Heterogeneous

A

Having diverse characteristics of study

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4
Q

What is good about a heterogeneous sample versus a homogeneous one?

A

Ensures that the sample reflects the variability in the population

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5
Q

The cluster of people, events, things, or other phenomena in which you are interested

A

Population

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6
Q

The cluster of people/events from or about which you will actually gather data

A

Sample

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7
Q

Tell me about probabilistic sampling

A

statistically representative sample
Used with a well-defined population
Enables generalization from sample to populations
Representative sample
Random selection

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8
Q

What is a representative sample?

A

A sample that resembles the population in all the important ways

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9
Q

Sampling error

A

Degree to which your sample deviates from the population’s characteristics

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10
Q

Sampling error is due to _____ or ____

A

random error
Systematic error

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11
Q

The bigger the sample, the _____ the error

A

smaller

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12
Q

Tell me about simple random samples

A

Sampling frame
RNG

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13
Q

Sampling frame

A

Lists every member of the population

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14
Q

Tell me about systematic sampling

A

Sampling frame
Every kth person
Watch out for periodicity

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15
Q

Periodicity

A

The tendency for a pattern to occur at regular intervals

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16
Q

Tell me about stratified sampling

A

Divide population into relevant subgroups
Draw sample from each group
Good for cyclical
Proportional versus disproportionate stratification

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17
Q

Proportional stratification

A

Each subgroup has the same sampling fraction

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18
Q

Disproportional stratification

A

Size of subgroup is not necessarily proportionate to population size of group

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19
Q

Tell me about cluster sampling

A

Samples groups and selects elements from each heterogenous group
Sampling done in stages

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20
Q

Non-probability sampling techniques

A

A person’s likelihood of being selected for membership in sample is unknown
May not represent the population
Qualitative
Types: Purposive, Snowball, Quota, and convenience

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21
Q

Purposive sample

A

Begin with specific perspectives, then seek out participants who cover them

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22
Q

Snowball sample

A

Participants help find more participants

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23
Q

Quota sample

A

Identify category with some variation
Subgroup for each category
Researcher decides how many people from each subgroup

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24
Q

Convenience sample

A

Collect data from people or other relevant elements to which s/he has most convenient access
Exploratory research

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25
Q

True or false: 2/3 of U.S. samples published in JPSP were American undergrads in psychology courses

A

True

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26
Q

Trash in, ____ out

A

trash

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27
Q

What is the most widely used data collection technique?

A

Survey

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28
Q

Correlational research

A

Any non-experimental study in which correlations in data are examined and cause-effect relations are shown

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29
Q

How to conduct a survey:

A

1.) Develop hypothesis and decide survey type
2.) Write questions
3.) Plan how to record data
4.) Sampling
5.) Locate respondents, conduct interviews, record data
6.) Research report

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30
Q

Things that good survey questions do

A

avoid confusion
keep respondents perspective in mind
Watch out for leading questions
Avoid jargon, slang, abbreviations, vagueness, emotional lang, issues beyond capabilities, double negatives

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31
Q

Double-barreled question

A

A confusing survey question that includes 2+ ideas

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32
Q

Leading question

A

survey question worded such that respondents are pushed to a specific answer or position (BIAS)

33
Q

Open-ended question

A

No response categories (qualitative)

34
Q

Closed-ended question

A

Fixed answer choices, better

35
Q

Mutually exclusive question

A

No overlap

36
Q

Mutually exhaustive question

A

Each person has a choice

37
Q

Social desirability bias

A

A tendency for the survey respondent to answer in a way that conforms to social expectations or makes them look good rather than answer honestly

38
Q

Contingency question

A

2-part question in which the 1st question screens who gets the 2nd question

39
Q

Keep your the wording in your survey question objective/subjective

A

objective

40
Q

Because survey fatigue exists, it’s best to _________

A

order your meaty questions first

41
Q

Order effects

A

Ordering influences respondents’ answers

42
Q

Pros and cons of mailed/self-administered surveys

A

Easy, cheap
Low response rate, no control

43
Q

Pros and cons of telephone interviews

A

Can reach 95% of population
Must be short, few ppl answer phones nowadays

44
Q

Pros and cons of face-to-face interviews

A

Highest response rate
Training, travel, supervision, pricey, interviewer bias (personality)

45
Q

Pros and cons of web surveys

A

cheapest, quick responses
not everybody has internet access

46
Q

Pseudosurvey

A

Using a survey format in an attempt to persuade others to do something

47
Q

Examples of measures of central tendency

A

Mean, mode, median

48
Q

The _____ is best to use for data analytics when the data is skewed

A

Median

49
Q

A simple table showing how many or what percentage of the cases fall into each variable category

A

Frequency distribution

50
Q

Quantitative data (univariate)

A

Percentages, mean, mode, median, frequency distribution

51
Q

Quantitative data (bivariate)

A

Bivariate correlation, crosstabulations

52
Q

Covariation

A

When two variables go together or are associated with one anotherS

53
Q

Statistically independent

A

No covariance

54
Q

The Spread

A

Range, SD, percentiles

55
Q

A crosstabulation table shows _____

A

two variables on one table

56
Q

Multivariate analysis

A

Regression analysis

57
Q

Regression analysis

A

A measure that allows the researcher to examine numerous IVs at one time and how those variables impact a DV

58
Q

If the level of significance is 0.05, what does that mean?

A

95% certain that the results are not due to chance

59
Q

Benefits of interviews over surveys

A

Can ask follow-up questions
Story behind responses
Complex topic
Lengthy explanations

60
Q

A key difference between qualitative and quantitative interviewing is that qualitative interviews contain _______

A

open-ended questions

61
Q

A list of topics or questions that the interviewer hopes to cover during the course of an interview.

A

Interview guide

62
Q

True or false: It takes a skilled interviewer to be able to ask questions and actually listen to respondents; and pick up on cues about when to follow up, when to move on, and when to simply let the participant speak without guidance or interruption.

A

True

63
Q

Bringing an _____, as opposed to a very long list of detailed questions, to an interview encourages the researcher to actually listen to what a participant is telling her.

A

outline

64
Q

As with quantitative survey research, it is best not to place _______ questions at the very beginning of your qualitative interview guide so that participants have a chance to warm up first.

A

sensitive/controversial

65
Q

Tips for interviews

A

No yes/no questions
Don’t ask “why?”
Avoid leading questions

66
Q

The key to a successful qualitative interview is giving participants the opportunity to ______

A

share information in their own words and in their own way.

67
Q

It is probably most common for qualitative interviewers to take _____ ______ of the interviews they conduct.

A

audio recordings

68
Q

Focus group

A

When multiple respondents participate in an interview at the same time,

69
Q

Benefits of focus groups

A

May think of new ideas or questions
Body language + interactions

70
Q

Oral histories

A

Data collection that records, in writing, material that might otherwise be forgotten by those who are unlikely to create a written record or produce archival materials. It involves interviewing people about their past to ensure that their history is not lost and is therefore available to future generations

71
Q

The accuracy of the oral history rests on two facts:

A

1.) Memories are not recollections of stories but actually happened.
2.) Stories are shared in the context of the potlatch (feast) system.

72
Q

Benefits of videography

A

Accurately record events
Enable researchers to verify their observations through multiple raters
Permit the researcher to repeatedly review the video record.
It is particularly valuable for measuring performance and verifying self-reported behaviors against observed behaviors

73
Q

One of the most significant concerns related to collecting data via video is _______ of the participants.

A

confidentiality

74
Q

Analysis of qualitative interview data typically begins with ______

A

a set of transcripts, including noted body language and gestures

75
Q

Overall, the goal of analysis is to reach some inferences, lessons, or conclusions by condensing large amounts of data into relatively smaller, more manageable bits of understandable information

A

Yes

76
Q

CODE

A

A code is a shorthand representation of some more complex set of issues or ideas.

77
Q

Deductive coding

A

Begins with the analyst utilizing specific or pre-defined interests to identify “relevant” passages, quotes, images, scenes, etc., to develop a set of preliminary codes. From there, the analyst elaborates on these preliminary codes, making finer distinctions within each coding category

78
Q
A

SOC 220: Social Research Methods (6 decks)

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