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Philo 1 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is science?

A

Science is the systematic search for uniformities in the way things behave.

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2
Q

What are laws of nature?

A
  • Laws in nature are descriptions
  • Laws of nature are discovered
  • Laws are empirical statements
  • Laws enable us to predict future occurrence and events
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3
Q

What is the First Feature of Laws of Nature?

A

A law of nature is a universal statement

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4
Q

What is the Second Feature of Laws of Nature?

A

A law of nature must be open-ended; Open in terms of having unlimited range across time and space

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5
Q

What is the Third Feature of Laws of Nature?

A

A law must be expressible as hypothetical statements

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6
Q

What is the Fourth Feature of Laws of Nature?

A

The greater the generality, the more likely it is to be accorded the status of a law of nature.

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7
Q

What are theories?

A

Theories are needed to explain why.
- never deductively proven, only inductively confirmed
- a logical fallacy of “affirming the consequent” in the sense it can never provide logical certainty
- after we have accepted a given theory, it is not enough for a single observation to immediately disprove it

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8
Q

What are the three types of possibility?

A

Empirical possibility (depends on laws of nature), technical possibility (depends on human ability to apply laws of nature), and logical possibility.

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9
Q

What is formal deductive logic?

A
  • abstract and counter-intuitive
  • study of valid and invalid arguments
  • focuses on the form rather than the content of an argument
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10
Q

What is the structure of a deductive argument?

A

There are premises and a conclusion. An argument can have any number of premises but only one conclusion. Any statement can only either be true or false.

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11
Q

What are fallacies?

A

Fallacies are non sequitur (it does not follow), premises does not adequately support the conclusion.

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12
Q

What are different examples of fallacies?

A
  • Ad Hominem (You attack the person instead of offering an argument)
  • Appeal to pity (Provoking feelings of guilt rather than reason)
  • Strawman fallacy (Misrepresenting arguments)
  • False dilemma (forcing two choices when there could be more)
  • Complex question (Assumes the truth of a hidden conclusion)
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13
Q

What are the three types of argument?

A
  • Analytic argument (a priori)
  • Empirical arguments (knowledge claims)
  • Evaluative arguments (ethical/normative claims)
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14
Q

How to compose complex arguments?

A
  1. Examine the statement of the conclusion
  2. Analysis of the claim of the conclusion
  3. Compose the argument
  4. Criticize the argument
  5. Compose the counter argument
  6. Evaluate your argument and the counter argument
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15
Q

What are three elements of an ethical theory?

A
  • provide a definition of good (and its opposite bad)
  • provide a definition of what is right in terms of the good
  • provide a statement of the moral principle in clear and certain terms
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16
Q

What are statements of value and obligation?

A

Statement of Value (what is good) and Statement of Obligation (what you ought to do)

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17
Q

What are the two types of good?

A
  • Intrinsic good (Good pursued for their own sake)
  • Instrumental good (Good that are used as means of attaining some other good)
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18
Q

What are Monists?

A

Monists argue there is only one intrinsic good.

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19
Q

Who are two prominent Monists?

A

Jeremy Bentham (focuses on bodily pleasures) and John Stuart Mill (focuses on intellectual pleasure)

20
Q

Who are Pluralists?

A

Pluralists would argue there are several intrinsic good.

21
Q

Who are nonhedonists?

A

Nonhedonists would argue that pleasure is not the only intrinsic good.

22
Q

Who are Deontologists?

A
  • You judge the rightness of an act by considering the nature of the act alone
  • The consequences are unimportant
23
Q

Who are Teleologists?

A

You judge the rightness of the act based on its ends

24
Q

What are the two types of Teleologists?

A

Egoists (would look at maximizing their own utility) and Utilitarian (would maximize the overall utility)

25
Q

What are two types of Utilitarianism in terms of scope?

A

Limited utilitarian (the scope of utility only certain groups, classes, or people) and Universal utilitarianism (humanity without no discrimination)

26
Q

What is two components of Jeremy Bentham’s Utilitarianism?

A

The Principle of Utility and Hedonistic Calculus.

27
Q

What is The Principle of Utility?

A
  • full-fledged moral philosophy based on utility
  • Utility is the measure of an action or an object to produce happiness or prevent the occurrence of pain
28
Q

What is the Hedonistic Calculus?

A

Way to calculate pleasure
1. Intensity
2. Duration
3. Certainty
4. Propinquity or remoteness
5. Fecundity
6. Purity
7. Extent

29
Q

What is Hasting Rashdall’s Ideal Utilitarianism?

A
  • not only pleasure but also beauty, knowledge, wisdom, and temperance
30
Q

What is act-utilitarianism?

A
  • an act is right or wrong solely on the consequences of the act
31
Q

What is rule-utilitarianism?

A
  • principle of utility to rules instead of acts
32
Q

What is pure deontology?

A
  • Judging the nature of an act based on an immutable moral rules
  • Consequences are unimportant
33
Q

What is mixed deontology?

A

Not confined to moral rules alone.

34
Q

What is act deontology?

A
  • Considers both the nature of the act and the rules
  • Rules are not universal
35
Q

What are components of Kant’s Deontology?

A

Pure Rule Deontology, Principle of Reason, Universalizability Test, Categorical Imperative

36
Q

What is Pure Act Deontology?

A
  • no act can be considered good without good will
  • acting with right intentions
37
Q

What is Principle of Reason?

A

Moral principles are rational principles that purely logical.

38
Q

What is the Universalizability Test?

A

An act is moral if it is in harmony with itself when made into a universal rule.

39
Q

What are the Formulas of Categorical Imperative?

A
  • Formula of Universal Law (1)
  • Formula of the Law of Nature (1a)
  • Formula of the End of Itself (2)
  • Formula of Autonomy (3)
  • Formula of the Kingdom of Ends (4)
40
Q

What is the Formula of Universal Law?

A
  • emphasizes the universality of whatever law is to be created
  • objective and applies to all of humanity
41
Q

What is the Formula of the Law of Nature?

A
  • emphasized the analogy of moral to a law of nature
42
Q

What is the Formula of the End of Itself?

A
  • emphasizes to treat people as if their own ends, never as an instrument or tool
43
Q

What is the Formula of Autonomy?

A
  • emphasized autonomy and will to create the laws
  • all humans have intrinsic worth and equality to legislate universal law
44
Q

What is the Formula of Kingdom of Ends?

A
  • implies the kind of ideal democratic society if all were to follow the categorical imperative
45
Q

What is realism and anti-realism?

A

Realism (objective moral fact) and anti-realism (no objective moral fact)

46
Q

What is cognitivism and non-cognitivism?

A

Cognitivism (objective true or false) and non-cognitivism (no objective true or false)

Philo 1 (2 decks)

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